Nセ@
Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy
in the Rhine delta
Ton Derks and Nico Roymans
Introduction
Although it has long been recognised that writing played a crucial role in the administration of the Roman empire, there is still considerable debate about the spread of literacy among
the local communities in the Roman West, and the degree of Latinization that accompanied it.
Renewed interest in this topic (d. Hanson and Conolly, below) has been stimulated by the
discovery and publication of new source material, with the famous leaf tablets from Vindolanda taking pride of place. The adoption of Latin as a spoken or written language was not a
process that affected everyone in the same way: we have to take into account important regional, social as well as temporal differences. In this paper, we would like to focus on the Lower
Rhine frontier, and on the civitas Batavorum in particular. Before embarking on our argument,
it may be useful to summarize the features of this area. The following three observations can
serve as a general background to the interpretation of the database presented here.
First, the civitas Batavorum was situated directly behind the central part of the Lower
Germanic limes, where many thousands of troops were garrisoned from the Claudian period
until the end of the 3rd c. 1 Second, as may be concluded from pre-Flavian recruitment patterns in
Northern Gaul, with 9 cohorts and one ala, the civitas of the Batavians was the principal
supplier of auxiliaries to the Roman army (fig. 7.1). 2 It has been calculated that almost every
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Fig. 7.1. Pre-Flavian recruitment patterns inN Gaul (after Roymans 1996, fig. 4, and Derks 1998, fig. 2.
6, with emendation). A- civitates used for the conscription of auxiliary forces; B -ala; C- cohors.
2
I
Bogaers and Ruger 1974; Schonberger 1985; Bechert and Willems 1995.
Alfo1dy 1968, 13-14, 45-48; Spaul 1994, 60-64; Spaul 2000, 205-6, 209-16.
88
T. Derks and N. Roymans
II
II
II
Fig. 7.2. Distribution of monumental Latin inscriptions in the Rhine delta (for legend, cf. fig. 7.5; large
symbol= more than 5 inscriptions).
single family sent one or two of its members to the army. 3 It is therefore difficult to overestimate the impact the army had on the social and cultural development of the indigenous population in this part of the Rhine frontier. Third, the territory of the Batavians is situated in a
zone that can be described as a non-villa landscape. The overwhelming majority of rural
settlements in this area consisted of one or more traditional long houses, which were characterized by a wooden frame, wattle-and-daub walls, a thatched roof, and an interior space which
comprised a byre as well as a living area. Although a few examples had elements of Roman
architecture, such as a stone cellar, painted wall-plaster or a partially tiled roof, these were
usually integrated in a way that did not affect the basic spatial arrangement of the indigenous
long house. 4 Let us now consider the question central to this paper: what role might the Roman
army have played in the diffusion of Latin literacy in this region?
The Latinization of the Batavian civitas: the epigraphical evidence
In general, we can discern important differences in the spread of Latin inscriptions between
the frontier provinces on the periphery, where the army always had a strong impact, and the
'unarmed' provinces of the interior. In keeping with this general picture, the Lower Rhine
frontier zone may be characterized as an area with a dense distribution of Latin inscriptions. 5
Within the frontier area itself, however, there were important differences. There is no doubt,
3
4
s
Bloemers 1978, 105, 107 and fig. 24; Willems 1984, 235.
Roymans 1996, 72-76.
Cf. Derks 1998, 82, fig. 3.2 for a map of the votive inscriptions from the area.
Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta
89
for instance, that the number of inscriptions erected in the vicinity of Cologne far exceeded
those in the area to the north and west of the Aachen-Neuss line. 6 If we focus on the latter part
of the frontier area, detailed mapping at site level of all examples of monumental writing,
both fragments and more complete specimens, also reveals a marked contrast between the civitas of the Batavians and that of their neighbours, the Cananefates (fig. 7.2).7 While several
dozen examples of monumental writing have been recorded for the Batavian territory,
including a fair number from rural settlement sites, inscriptions from the Cananefatian territory
are not only few in number, but have until now been totally absent from the countryside. 8
To what extent are these different inscription densities a direct reflection of varying degrees
of Latin literacy? Clearly, low inscription densities often refer to an absence of the necessary
pre-conditions for the rise of an epigraphical culture, rather than to an absence of Latin
literacy. 9 The small number of Latin inscriptions from the Gallic interior, as opposed to the
frontier zone, may be explained in this way. Conversely, the high inscription density in the
area around Cologne may be positively singled out in the same vein: the nearby presence of the
provincial capital and, in an earlier phase, of the Roman colony, and the intense veteran
settlement which went hand-in-hand with it, may have significantly contributed to the rise of
an epigraphical culture. But the observed differences with and within the rest of the Lower
Rhine frontier must also be explained in terms of other factors. One obvious explanation is the
presence or absence of nearby quarries or outcrops of natural stone. This will have affected not
only the actual number of inscriptions put up under the empire, but perhaps also the intensity of
their re-use in post-Roman periods. Moreover, although we may have to assume that the
contrast between the Batavian territory and that of their neighbours was not as clear-cut as it
now appears, 10 there are good reasons for believing that the differences do reflect the original
distribution. While these differences must in part be linked to differences in landscape,
settlement patterns and population size,ll they may also be explained by varying degrees of
interaction with the Roman army as dictated by different recruiting intensities. 12
Seal-boxes: use and typo-chronology
What does the evidence of seal-boxes add to this picture? Initially regarded as perfume
boxes, amulet-holders, or pendants,B seal-boxes are now generally accepted as having been con-
6
7
s
9
10
11
12
13
Cf. Derks 1998, fig. 3.17.
Included in the mapping are the inscriptions recorded by CIL XIII and the supplementa published in the
BRGK. The recording of later finds makes no claim to being exhaustive. Milestones, military diplomata,
the incertae of CIL XIII 8831-32 and the inscription from 'Egmond' (CIL XIII 8829), whose find-spot is
unknown, are not included.
Typically, at least 3 of the 4 inscriptions found at Voorburg-Forum Hadriani were set up by people from
elsewhere. Cf. Derks 1998, 86, n.55.
Woolf 1996.
For instance, it seems hardly conceivable that no inscriptions at all were erected in the countryside of
the civitas Cananefatium.
Large parts of the Cananefates territory consisted of Holland peat, where hardly any settlements have
been found. Cf. Bloemers 1978, Appendix 8 (= Archaeological map of the Netherlands, sheet 5 /8).
The Cananefates contributed just one ala and one cohors. Alfbldy 1968, 14, 51-52; Spaul 1994, 77-79;
Spaul 2000, 238.
For antiquarian views regarding the pieces discussed here, see Smetius and Smetius 1678, 154, who
described the objects in their private collection as thecae ex aere ad adores vel amuleta. The latter
function was summarized by the argument that singulis in angulo adest annulus, quo pixides istas e colla
suspensas olim Veteres gestanmt, a reference to Varro, LL 6 (Smetius and Smetius 1678, 19 f.). Cf. also
Leemans 1842, 126 f. (with regard to our cat. 10: 'reukdoosje, in den vorm eener bulla ... waarmede men
den invloed van booze geesten meende af te wenden'); Holwerda 1908, 202 f. (our cat. 3.5, x.14-x.18:
'medaillondoosjes, amuletten?') and, more recently, Mertens and Cahen 1970,70 (our cat. 121.1: 'bruleparfum') and Hinz 1971, 164 (cat. 108.2-3: 'Kapselamulett'). Seal-boxes in a very incomplete state of
preservation have also regularly been viewed as pendants (cf. Holwerda 1938, 50, in connection with
T. Derks and N. Roymans
90
Beg inn --J!i!f!!l---t-der
Aunenschrift
Zeugensiegel
Zeugennamen
Fig. 7.3. Reconstruction of a triptychon with the seals of testes imprinted in the wax over the cord which
ran through the central groove on the back of the second tablet (after Wilmanns 1981, Abb. 5).
tainers for wax imprints used to seal a range of items, and written documents in particular.l 4
The sealing of texts was a widespread practice in the Roman period. We need to ask precisely
what kind of texts the seal-boxes were used for. We must distinguish here between legal documents, which include various kinds of testationes, 15 on the one hand, and the private texts of
single individuals, on the other. For legal documents like lease contracts, notes of hand or wills,
triptycha (i.e., sets of three stilus tablets) were generally used (fig. 7.3). In order to prevent
unauthorized changes to the text of these documents, the first two tablets of the triptyc/wn
were bound together with a cord that was drawn around the tablets and through a deeper
groove running parallel to the short sides and right across the back of the second tablet. After
the groove had been filled with wax, a number of witnesses testified to the authenticity of the
document by printing their seals in the wax over the cord, one under the other. To simplify
14
15
our cat. 134.1, and Erdrich 1999, in connection with our cat. 131) or brooches (Jacobi 1897, 559, Taf.
69.11; DeClerck 1983, 284, describing our cat. 118.1). We should point out that the brief discussion of
the seal-boxes by the Smetii appears to be the oldest extant description of the category of small finds
under discussion here.
Cf. the key finds from Wroxeter discussed by Bushe-Fox 1916, 27-29. With regard to the question of
what the seal-boxes were used to seal, it must be conceded that very few seal-boxes have been found in
conjunction with the items they sealed. Whereas an example from Trier apparently sealed a leather
pouch containing a roll of aurei (which seems to be part of the biggest Roman gold coin hoard ever:
Gilles 1994, 19), the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden exhibits together a wax tablet from
Egypt with a seal-box that was allegedly found in association with it (Devijver et al. 1989). Although in
the latter case doubts have been raised about the association between the two objects, we can say in
defence that the dating of both items at least does not rule out an association. Thanks to a reference to
Leg III Cyr, the tablet may be dated before A.D. 106, when this legion was transferred to Arabia,
whereas the seal-box type (circular with a riveted zoomorphic decoration) must be dated to the second
half of the 1st c. or the earliest decades of the 2nd (Feugere and Abauzit 1995, 50).
Included in this category are copies of official documents such as birth certificates, marriage certificates,
and the well-known military diplomata.
Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta
91
identification of their seals, their names were written next to the seals. This method of sealing, with no recourse made to seal-boxes, was the standard procedure for all legal documents. 16
Seal-boxes were used to protect single seals from damage. They therefore must relate to the
sealing of private documents, which were sealed using the imprint of the author's .signet ringY
The most logical category of documents we can think of here is private letters. 18 In the NW
provinces, such letters were drawn up in two different forms: either as stilus tablets or as leaf
tablets. Generally smaller than stilus tablets, leaf tablets were unsuitable for re-use, and hence
probably cheaper. As far as we can judge from the copious Vindolanda material, they were
mainly used for short notes pertaining to the daily routine of army units. 19 As far as their use
for correspondence is concerned, it should be borne in mind that many of the Vindolanda letters
constitute locally-dumped draft versions or privately kept copies rather than the actual
letters themselves. 20 Moreover, many of the preserved examples also appear to lack the
physical characteristics necessary for sealing, such as tie holes or, at the very least, notches,21
and those tablets which do have them generally carry text on the part where we would expect
the seal-box to be. 22 Finally, it is questionable whether the particular vulnerability of leaf
tablets allowed them to be sealed by means of a seal-box, since the back of a folded tablet could
easily be broken when the cord was tightened. So, although we cannot rule out the possibility
that seal-boxes were used in connection with letters on leaf tablets, we assume that most will
have been used to seal letters on wax tablets.
Seal-boxes are known from the Late Republican period (1st c. B.C.) until the end of the 3rd c.
A.D. Under the Empire, they were used intensively in the context of the Roman army, and we
can assume that they were introduced by the army in the NW provinces. Virtually all sealboxes preserved today are made of copper alloy. 23 We can distinguish 5 basic shapes: semioval, rectangular or square, circular, leaf-shaped and rhombic (fig. 7.4). 24 Additional features,
such as the number of perforations in the base, and the presence or absence of certain decorative
patterns on the lid, help refine this initial division further. We can establish the following
typo-chronology, based on the frequency with which the different types occur in the welldated army-camps of the limes.
The earliest seal-boxes are semi-oval in shape, characterized by a convex, flattened base
and a plain, flat lid. 25 Such seal-boxes are known from several Late Iron Age oppida, including
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Wilmanns 1981, 16 ff.; Haensch 1996. Photographs of some good examples can be found in Camodeca
1999.
Cf. Derks 1998, 229.
See also Franzius 1992, 374; Feugere and Abauzit 1995,50 f.; Haensch 1996,453.
More than half of the leaf tablets are notes in shorthand, day-reports of groups performing specific
functions, applications for leave, and various kinds of accounts and lists.
As Bowman and Thomas 1994,42 argued, on the basis of textual criticism.
However, the description of the tablet format is generally insufficient to enable us to assess the relative
proportion lacking these characteristics.
For example, Tab. Vindol. II 310, 312, 343.
Two bone examples from Frankfurt-Heddernheim (cat. 11.6-7), and two iron specimens from Velsen (cat.
75.2-3) are the apparent exceptions to those discussed in this paper. Several seal-boxes in other
materials are known from find-spots outside our geographical limits: three lead items from Sisak,
Croatia (Koscevic 2000), two tin ones from Lyon (Turcan 1987, nos. 852-53), as well as one in ivory
(Nicholls 1983, 27, no. 98). The conditions necessary for their preservation will certainly have had a
negative effect on the number of bone and iron examples now known.
Other forms occur incidentally, such as the two lanceolate specimens from Mainz (RGZM Inv. no.
0.25007; unpublished) and Ostia (Mus. Ostiense inv. no. 3940; Eibl 1994, 285, Abb. 16). Examples with
unusual forms, such as the two circular seal-boxes with 8 spokes soldered around the rim from
Nijmegen-castra (cat. 7.12) and Neuss (cat. 84.13), or the rhomboid seal-box from the former Kam
collection now preserved at the Museum Het Valkhof at Nijmegen (cat. x.13), are essentially derivatives
of the above-mentioned basic shapes.
Abauzit and Feugere 1993, with an extensive inventory.
T. Derks and N. Roymans
92
tセョッM」ィイャァ@
of bronze seal-boxes
1 AD
100AD
200AD
300AD
400AD
Fig. 7.4. Generalized typo-chronology of Roman bronze seal-boxes, with shaded parts of the bars indicating
the presence of enamel decoration.
Alesia (France) and the Altenburg (SW Germany), 26 as well as from the earliest Roman army
camps. To date, two semi-oval seal-boxes have been found at the Middle Augustan military
base at Dangstetten, while 5 were recovered during recent excavations at the large Middle
Augustan camp at Nijmegen-'Hunerberg' and 3 during excavations at the nearby camp on the
'Kops Plateau'. 27 Their absence in all later camps leads us to conclude that this type was out of
use by the Late Augustan period. The presence of 6 square and 3 circular seal-boxes in Dangstetten shows that the earliest examples of both these types are more or less contemporary with
the latest semi-oval types. Since only square seal-boxes have been reported from the Late
Augustan sites of Haltern (1 example), Kalkriese (4) and Augsburg-Oberhausen (2), 2 8 and since
boxes of this type prevail among those documented for the Tiberian base at Velsen (3 out of 4)
and the pre-Flavian military base at Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' (of the 21 items which could be
26
27
28
Cizmar 1990. The example from Ecly (cat. 162) is a surface find from a site which may be a small spring
sanctuary adjacent to a settlement which starts in the Late Iron Age (information from B. Lambot). We
should perhaps view oval seal-boxes, which are unknown from the area under consideration, as a later
development of this type. The oval seal-boxes from the British Museum, cited by Walters (1899, 307 nos.
2225, 2228-31) and those from the Wellcome collection (Nicholls 1983, 26 f., nos. 99-101) all bear a
relief with a representation of an imperial portrait or a god or goddess. The semi-oval seal-box from the
Altenburg bears on the lid a relief with a representation of Mercury.
For the Kops Plateau, which was occupied from c.10 B.C. until A.D. 69, no contextual data are yet
available. The provenance from an Augustan context is beyond doubt for only a single item from the
large site of the castra (cat. 7.62). A second specimen (cat. 7.20) is a loose find, while the context data for
a third (cat. 7.23) are now lost. The two remaining boxes came from Flavian contexts connected to the
canabae. However, material from disturbed older contexts belonging to the Augustan camp situated on
the same site may be mixed in.
Hubener 1973, 81 f., and Taf. 11.15.
Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta
93
identified, 13 are rectangular or square, and only 3 circular), we may safely conclude that
rectangular or square seal-boxes were predominant in the first half of the 1st c. 29 Although this
type probably lasted until the early Flavian period, as perhaps illustrated by 4 examples from
Rheingonheim, 30 the proportion of square to circular seal-boxes was reversed from the Claudian period onwards. While of the 27 examples from Hofheim that were described fully
enough to categorize their shape, 25 belong to the circular type, of the 68 seal-boxes recovered
from the site jointly used by the Augustan castJ·a and the Flavian canabae at Nijmegen, 53 were
circular (21 stemmed from Flavian contexts, the rest were loose finds). Theoretically, the latter
might all originate from contexts associated with the Augustan castra, but since circular ウ・。ャセ@
boxes were rare before the Claudian period, we assume that the number actually originating
from such contexts will be few. This is reinforced by the fact that a fair number of them belong
to a variant characterized by 4, rather than 3, perforations in the base and a separately cast,
zoomorphic decoration riveted onto the lid. This type is generally dated to the second half of
the 1st c. 31 The earliest examples of the leaf-shaped type appear shortly before the Flavian
period: bases of two small specimens are known from the pre-Flavian camp at Nijmegen-'Kops
Plateau', and a third stems from Vetera I at Xanten. From the Flavian canabae at Nijmegen, 5
leaf-shaped boxes are known, three of which are smaller specimens decorated with a white
metal coating and a design of punched dots, probably originally furnished with niello inlay; 32
the other two (partially preserved) belong to the larger examples, one of which bears a
champleve enamel decoration on the lid, like all larger examples of this type. They date from
the very end of the 1st or beginning of the 2nd c. onwards. Finally, the rhombic seal-box is the
most recent type and the only one whose lid was always enamelled. 33 The one example found in
the canabae at Nijmegen probably dates from the Flavian period, making it one of the earliest
examples of its type. As the many examples reported for the army camps of the Obergermanisch-Raetischer Limes clearly indicate,3 4 from the 2nd c. onwards virtually all seal-boxes,
including the square and circular ones, were decorated with enamel inlay on the lid. 35
Distribution patterns of seal-boxes inN Gaul and the civitas Batavorum
The inventory of seal-boxes presented in this paper is based on two sources. In addition to
making an inventory of all the examples known to us from the Netherlands, both published and
unpublished, we examined seal-boxes from the literature for a large part of the frontier as well
as for parts of the hinterland. We then mapped and classified the find-spots in accordance
with the following categories: Late Iron Age oppida, army camps and the military settlements
surrounding them, urban settlements of civitas capitals and vici, rural settlements and, finally,
rural sanctuaries. A comparison of the distribution patterns of seal-boxes in N Gaul and the
civitas Batavorum reveals some striking differences.
Let us, in reverse order, first consider the general distribution in the frontier area and the
hinterland (fig. 7.5). What strikes us immediately is the high concentration of seal-boxes in
the military sites along the limes. Seal-boxes are known from almost every army camp where
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
With the exception of those found at Kalkriese, which had embossed lead (imperial?) portraits on the
lid, all these examples now have plain lids.
Cat. 99.5-8.
Feugere and Abauzit 1995 and 2000. Additions to their catalogue, apart from the unpublished examples
presented here, may be found in Kisa 1896, 73, no. 1429 (panther?, described as a sphinx) and Nicholls
1983, no. 102 (panther?, described as a fawn).
Cat. 7.18-7.19, 7.66.
One possible exception is an isolated lid from Evreux (cat. 115), if the object is really to be identified as
part of a seal-box.
See, for instance, the large series of boxes from Zugmantel and the Saalburg (cat. 88 and 91).
In the case of square boxes, the number of perforations in the base seems to allow for discrimination
between the early plain examples (3 holes) and their later enamelled counterparts (4 holes), even when
the lid is missing.
T. Derks and N. Roymans
94
セLG@
Q'Qq;;
<
:;;C
'Y:125
.,.
145"
102
HlOkm
Fig. 7.5. Distribution of seal-boxes inN Gaul and the Rhineland according to find contexts.
A- Late Iron Age oppida; B - forts and fortresses including canabae and vici; C - civitas capitals; D - rural
centres (vici); E- rural settlements including cemeteries; F- sanctuaries (large symbols= more than 5 sealboxes; numbering corresponds to that in Appendix 2).
substantial excavations or surveys have taken place, sometimes in great numbers, as in the
military settlements on the Hunerberg and the Kops Plateau at Nijmegen (68 and 22), in Vechten (29) or in Zugmantel (27). In the hinterland, seal-boxes have been reported particularly in
civitas capitals and rural centres, and a substantial number in sanctuaries. In contrast, they are
virtually unknown in rural settlements, including villa sites.
If we look at the distribution of seal-boxes in the E part of the Dutch river area, the heartland of the Batavian civitas, we observe some similarities, but also striking differences, to the
general patterns outlined above (fig. 7.6). Our inventory of seal-boxes from public and private
collections in this part of the Netherlands now includes more than 250 items. In keeping with
the general pattern, here too large numbers originate from military settlements, as well as from
the civitas capital at Nijmegen. 36 Two boxes are known from a funeral context in Nijmegen: one
36
Since the site of the Roman town was a well-known find-spot for Roman antiquities in the early 17th c.,
a significant number of the 33 seal-boxes which were mentioned by father and son Smetius in the
catalogue of their private collection (Smetius and Smetius 1678, 19, 125) can be added to those listed in
our Appendix. Although unusual items from the collection, part of which was sold to the Elector at
Dusseldorf in 1704, have been identified in several German museums (Langereis 1999, 115), we must
Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta
; :c I
95
0
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" E
*
4
F
1/446'
/j/4
. ..--·
'-.
\.
-\
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10
'· ......
キセ@
(
'
'
\
Fig. 7.6. Distribution of seal-boxes in the civitas Batavorum area according to find contexts.
B - forts and fortresses including canabae and vici; C - civitas capital; D - rural centres ( vici); E - rural
settlements; F - sanctuary (large symbols = more than 5 seal-boxes; numbering corresponds to that in
Appendix I).
from a cemetery south of the Kops Plateau, the other from the cemetery belonging to the 1st-c.
oppidum Batavorum, the precursor of the town of Ulpia Noviomagus. 37 Although grave finds
are rare (and difficult to interpret),3 8 they are not unknown. Quite remarkable is the substantial number of seal-boxes from the rural temple complex at Empel, where no less than 26 have
been documented.39 These have been interpreted as the material remains of letters to the gods,
containing petitions for help, probably couched in terms of the well-known mmcupationes. 40
Most surprising, however, is the frequency with which seal-boxes occur in rural settlements.
In order to visualize the relative frequency with which seal-boxes occur in the categories of
sites we distinguish, the respective proportions for both maps are presented in two pairs of diagrams (figs. 7.7-7.8). In each case the left-hand diagram shows the relative importance of each
type of site as a percentage of the total number of sites, whereas the right-hand one presents it
37
38
39
40
now regard the remaining seal-boxes as untraceable, due to their common form and the brief description
of their shape (aliquae rotundae, nonnul/ae quadratae, aliae cordis figura) and function (supra n.13).
Cat. 6.23 and 8.1.
Cf. Kolling 1972, Feugere 1993, 148 and Feugere and Abauzit 1995, 49, who, with reference to Diodorus
5.28, interpret seal-boxes in funeral contexts as remains of letters given to the dead. In contrast, in her
discussion of different forms of writing equipment in graves, Von Boeselager 1989 stresses their
function as symbolic references to the profession the deceased had exercised. Certainly, this view seems
preferable when different forms of writing equipment were associated in one and the same grave, and
even more so when the items concerned refer to the command of both techniques of writing, in wax as
well as in ink.
Cat. 67.1-67.26.
Derks and Swinkels 1994; Derks 1995; id. 1998, 215-39, esp. 226 ff. See now also Bagnall Smith 1999.
T. Derks and N. Roymans
96
Numtier of sites in %
Numtier of seal-tioxes in Ofo
n=67
n=271
.2
33
82
10
9
Military camps
D
Sanctuaries
Roman towns and vici
D
Rural settlements
Fig. 7.7. Diagram showing, for the seal-boxes from the civitas Batavorum, the relative importance of find
contexts as a percentage of the total number of sites (left) and as a percentage of the total number of sealboxes (right).
Numtier of sites in Ofo
Numtier of seal-tioxes in Ofo
n=92
n=336
10
29
22
25
Military camps
Roman towns and vici
D
D
Sanctuaries
Rural settlements
Fig. 7.8. Diagram showing, for the seal-boxes from N Gaul, the relative importance of find contexts as a
percentage of the total number of sites (left) and as a percentage of the total number of seal-boxes (right).
Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta
Mセ
97
as a percentage of the total number of
seal-boxes. 41 Two figures spring to our attention here. First, the supposed importance of seal-boxes in military contexts is
reflected in the fact that more than onethird of all sites (35%) are army camps
which account for 61% of all seal-boxes
known from N Gaul. Second, whereas
rural settlements represent only 11% of
all sites or 10% of all seal-boxes for the
whole of N Gaul, in the Batavian area
this category accounts for 82% of all sites
and 34% of all seal-boxes. 42
'
5Dm
....
\1)
セ@
E'
(J)
0::
Seal-boxes from rural sites
Almost all seal-boxes from these rural
sites are stray finds from plough-soil
discovered by metal detection. It would
appear that seal-boxes may be reported
for
almost every site where metal detec.·d
tion has taken place during the last 10
years. In addition, most of the boxes from
these sites are in a very incomplete condition: for many examples, only fragments of the lid or the base have been
preserved. This could suggest that the
boxes were intensively re-used before being discarded. The rural sites where sealboxes
have been found are all simple
セ@
settlements with native farmhouses of
opgegraven _ r - 1
the type mentioned above. During current
excavated L-.1
excavations of two such settlements, the
I
ョゥセエ@
opgegraven- CJ
first examples from excavated contexts
no! excavatep__ _
have been documented, giving some deFig. 7.9. Global distribution of seal-boxes in the rural tailed information on their spatial consettlement of Oosterhout (information P. van den Broeke, text. Three seal-boxes have been recoverBureau Archeologie Gemeente Nijmegen).
ed from a settlement at Oosterhout, just
north of Nijmegen (fig. 7.9), while our own excavations of a settlement at Tiel have produced 6
(fig. 7.10). 43 In both cases, we can rule out special depositions: the seal-boxes were found as
stray finds in farmyards or in dumps in ditches. One plausible conclusion is that the boxes were
used for sealing letters that were originally preserved in the farmhouses.
\
The excavation of wells in two settlements in 1998 and 2000 produced fragments of stilus
tablets, which may have belonged to such letters. For instance, the larger part of a tablet was
retrieved from the water-logged infill of a well at the settlement of Ophemert-'De Steendert'
41
42
43
For the sake of comparison, the seal-boxes from oppida, which do not occur in the Batavian area, have
been excluded from the diagrams relating to N Gaul.
The latter percentage becomes even more important if we consider the unprecedentedly large numbers
recently recovered during large-scale excavations at the military sites at Nijmegen, in particular the
castra and canabae.
Cf. cat. 31.1-31.3 and 45.1-45.6. For a seventh specimen, seep. 127 (addendum at the end of Appendix 1).
T. Derks and N. Roymans
98
Tiei-Passewaaij
\
*
*
*
*
*
\
0
100m
Fig. 7.1 0. Distribution of seal-boxes in the rural settlement and adjacent cemetery at Tiel-Passewaaij
(excavations by the Archaeological Institute of the Free University, 1996-200 I). While none has been
found in the cemetery, two were recovered from a rest channel, the remainder from farmyards.
(fig. 7.11).44 Unfortunately, as is the case with so many examples from other sites, it has not
yet been possible to decipher any of the text. Since one of its sides has been left smooth, the
format at least does not rule out the possibility that it was part of a letter. Small fragments of
stilus tablets were also found during excavations at the above-mentioned settlement of Oosterhout.45 None bears any visible traces of writing. From their shape and size, we can surmise that
these scraps constituted at least three different tablets, and since all three had one side left
smooth, they must have belonged to at least two diptycha. To sum up, if both the presence of
seal-boxes and the absence of physical characteristics of testationes (such as a central sulcus)
support the idea that the tablet fragments from these rural sites are the remains of
correspondence, these finds confirm the theory that Latin letters were a common phenomenon in
the countryside of the Batavian civitas 46 (compare the comments on the distribution of stili on
rural settlements in Britain by Hanson and Conolly, below).
44
45
46
A wooden wine barrel was used in the construction of the well. The wood of the partially stamped
staves has been determined as abies alba, with the date of felling set dendrochronologically at A.D. 64. S
Gaulish Samian ware and a handle of a Dr. 20 amphora with a Flavian stamp have been recovered from
the infill. Unpublished, information from E. Verhelst (BATO, Tiel).
Unpublished, information from P. W. van den Broeke (Bureau Archeologie Gemeente Nijmegen).
Our Institute is currently drawing up additional inventories of items relating to a writing culture (e.g.,
Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta
99
Fig. 7.11. Part of a stilus tablet found in the infill of a well from the Flavian period in a rural settlement at
Ophemet1- 'De Steendert' (unpublished).
The representativeness of the Batavian situation for other Roman frontier areas
In evaluating the distribution map of seal-boxes in the civitas Batavorum (fig. 7.6), we
should not lose sight of the fact that we are dealing here with an exceptional situation. The
following factors played a role in this area:
1. the extremely high supply of auxiliary troops;
2. the high population density in the Holocene river landscape compared to that of the coastal
areas to the west and the Pleistocene sand areas to the south;
3. the excellent state of preservation of bronze objects on sites in the Holocene clay soils, in
contrast to the more acidic sandy soils to the south, where small bronze items may have been
completely corroded;
4. the relatively favourable archaeo-political climate in the Netherlands. Many metal detectorists are willing to report their finds to official institutions or show them to specialists.
In short, the dense concentration of seal-boxes in the civitas Batavorum is partly a product
of special historical circumstances and partly the result of specific post-depositional processes.
The differences from other regions within Germania Inferior are probably reat as is suggested
by the distribution of monumental inscriptions (fig. 7.2) - which shows more or less the same
patterns despite contrasting post-depositional processes - but they are certainly less extreme
than the actual distribution map suggests. While the blank zones to the west of the Batavian
heartland may to a large extent reflect the historical situation, 47 those in the German Rhineland are also the result of a different archaeo-political climate in that area which makes it
difficult for metal detectorists to report their finds.
Letters and native farmhouses
What kind of letters were preserved in these native farmhouses? Clearly, this question is
difficult to answer. The most plausible explanation is to assume a connection with the Roman
army, and to see the letters as evidence of a private correspondence kept up by individual
47
signet rings, inkwells, stili). The evidence collected is substantial and supports the ideas presented here.
Only for the modern Westland, the densely populated SW part of the Cananefates territory, might the
distribution be seriously affected by post-depositional processes, since this area is now largely covered
in greenhouses and therefore inaccessible for metal-detection. No seal-boxes have been found during
recent excavations in Delfland (pers. comm. H. van Londen). Cf. also above n.ll.
100
T. Derks and N. Roymans
Batavian auxiliary soldiers with their home families in the Rhine delta. At this point, it
may be important to consider once again the evidence of the Vindolanda tablets. As may be
concluded from the many different hands in which requests for leave and other formulaic
reports were written, Latin literacy was certainly not the prerogative of a few members of the
officer class but was widely spread among soldiers in the lower ranks. 48 Soldiers and officers
corresponded with relatives and friends in their homeland, and the answering letters seem to
have been accompanied incidentally by small despatches of goods, in particular clothing.
Illustrative is a leaf tablet describing a consignment of pairs of socks, two pairs of sandals, and
two pairs of underpants to a soldier, probably from his homeland. 49 We see a similar pattern in
the correspondence from soldiers to their families preserved on Egyptian papyri. The general
impression is that soldiers remained very dependent on the home front for their clothing, as
well as for all kinds of extras, especially during their first years of service. 50 However, since
many veterans, especially the Batavians, returned to their homeland after completing their
time of service, we may conclude that a regular exchange of information between soldier and
homeland continued beyond his initial years as a recruit. In order to avoid returning to a
completely unknown world, they will have had to keep in touch with friends and relatives
throughout their 25 years of service.
If we can thus establish the existence of a regular correspondence between auxiliary soldiers
and their friends and relatives at home, the question arises as to how letters were delivered. 51
Although there was an imperial postal service, its use was strictly regulated. Whereas military commanders and high-ranking officials could use it under exceptional circumstances (the
remainder of the time they had to engage imperial slaves or soldiers charged with courier
services),5 2 private individuals had to rely on their informal network. This may have
consisted primarily of soldiers who were travelling on duty or going on leave. 53 The greater the
number of men serving in a regiment that originated from one and the same recruiting ground,
the easier it may have been for individual soldiers of that unit to organize collective postal
despatches on a more or less regular basis.
Seal-boxes and Latin literacy among the rural population of the Rhine delta
What does the occurrence of seal-boxes, and the circulation of letters we infer from this, tell
us about the spread of Latin literacy among the rural population of the Rhine delta? The fact
that letters were kept in native farmhouses does not necessarily imply that those receiving
them were able to read them themselves or to write letters in return. Nevertheless, we should
not under-estimate the degree of Latin literacy among the rural population in the Batavian
area. Veterans returning to their homeland after their service undoubtedly played a key role
here. Their presence is revealed not only in the occurrence of Roman nzilitaria in almost every
native settlement, 54 but also in the finds of several military diplonzata. 55 It should be noted
that sealed letters on stilus tablets represent only one form of Latin writing, which means that
literacy was more widely spread than suggested by the distribution map of seal-boxes alone.
The typo-chronology of seal-boxes outlined above may also provide us with some clues about
the progression of Latin literacy in the Batavian area. Whereas the semi-oval type of seal-box
is known to the area, its occurrence is strictly confined to the military sites on the Hunerberg
48
49
so
51
52
53
54
55
Bowman and Thomas 1983, 52, 71, who refer to about SO different hands for the collection in Tab
Vindol I collection. Cf. also Bowman 1994, 88.
Tab. Vindol. II, 346
Carrie 1992, 136.
Speidel1996, 82 ff. with the older literature.
Cf. Tab. Vindol. II 255 and 295; Eck 1995, 7.
Speidel1996, 83, with nn. 11-13.
An inventory is currently being drawn up by J. Nicolay (d. id. forthcoming).
On the military diplomata of Lower Germany, see Haalebos forthcoming.
Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta
G£RM4;v/4
/lf 4 6' Ill 4
101
oe
/·
-._:
ᄋセM@
'
..
10
20km
Fig. 7.12. Distribution of square seal-boxes in the civitas Batavorum according to find contexts (for legend,
see fig. 7 .6).
and the Kops Plateau. Not until the appearance of the square seal-box with a plain lid, in use
during the Augustan-Tiberian period, did that pattern change (fig. 7.12). As the map shows,
the distribution now extended to the civitas capital of Nijmegen, as well as to several rural
settlements and the cult place at Empel. Against this background, we might speak of the
modest beginnings of Latin writing in the earliest Imperial period. The great majority of the
seal-boxes, however, have to be dated to the later 1st and especially the 2nd c. A.D.
Final comments
What are the implications of the above analysis for discussion of the diffusion of Latin
literacy in Gaul and the Germanic provinces? Traditionally, Latin writing has been associated
with a social and economic upper class that was integrated into the wider networks of the
empire. 56 Historical evidence shows that members of the elite acquired an extensive knowledge of Latin through the medium of formal schooling during their youth. 57 Archaeological
data have simply confirmed this picture; for example, the rich burial find at Nijmegen-West
(late 1st c. A.D.), which contains a broad set of grave goods, including an inkwell, a wax spatula
and some stili (fig. 7.13). It has been generally assumed until now that the lower social groups
living in the countryside were not familiar with Latin writing. The picture presented here for
56
57
Creighton 2000, 146-73. He uses a 'top-down' model in his sociolinguistic analysis of the diffusion of
Latin in Roman Britain and Gaul. According to him, Latin began as an elite language, as a "prestige
good" and a medium of discourse amongst the elite.
The son of the Batavian leader Civilis, for example, was educated at the Roman colony of Cologne (Tac.,
Hist. 4.63), and the one of Arminius' brother Flavus, called Italicus, was educated at Rome (Tac., Ann.
11, 16; cf. also Ann. 2.10). Leading families of many tribes who had concluded a treaty with Rome had to
send their sons as hostages (obsides) to Rome, where, as part of this agreement, these future noblemen
were trained in all aspects of Roman culture, including the Latin language.
102
T. Derks and N. Roymans
Fig. 7.13. Furnishings of grave 8 in the walled graveyard of the cemetery of Nijmegen-West, including an
umbo, a shield grip, two spear heads (foreground left), an inkwell, a wax spatula, a knife, and two stili
(foreground centre). Photo: Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen.
the civitas Batavorum diverges markedly from this view. We have evidence in this region for
a widespread knowledge of literacy among rural populations. As stated above, this was
probably the result of a specific Latinization process, which operated via the army and affected broad sections of Batavian society in the 1st c. A.D. Veterans returning home from service
and active soldiers who corresponded with relatives and friends in their homeland were the
driving forces behind this development. The implicit assumption is that most Batavian
auxiliary soldiers enjoyed informal training in writing and reading Latin while in the army.
The seal-boxes provide clues as to how Latin literacy penetrated by way of the army into
the lower levels of Batavian society. However, the influence of Latin was not confined to
written culture. Without doubt it also brought about a radical transformation of the native
spoken language. The immense and diverse impact of the Roman army meant that Latin was as
important in the frontier area as in the interior of Gaul, perhaps even more so. There are good
reasons for assuming that here, much in the same way as in Spain or S Gaul, the original native
language gave way to vulgar Latin in the first two centuries A.D. The vulgar Latin of the
Batavians may have contained strong elements of army slang, combined with elements of the
original indigenous language.ss
An interesting problem is the extent to which the acquisition of Latin writing by lower
social groups was motivated by cultural factors - i.e. a desire to participate in Roman culture.
The fact that the great majority of the indigenous population in the Rhine delta lived in
traditional settlements barely touched by Roman architecture and comfortable living
conditions warns us that we should not attribute too much significance to this factor. The broad
masses seem to have been motivated by more pragmatic considerations, in particular by the
social advantages connected with using the new language: the ability to function adequately in
the army, to communicate with friends and relatives over great distances, and to reap the
58
With this view we are adopting a position in opposition to the recent work of Toorians 2000 and 2001,
who, in his reconstruction of linguistic developments in the Lower Rhine region in the Roman period,
minimizes the impact of Latin and focuses all his attention on the question of whether the population of
the time spoke a Celtic or a Germanic language.
Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta
103
economic benefits. Although we may conclude that command of Latin was much more widespread than we have supposed, it remains to be seen whether this also means that, contrary to
the Roman perception of Batavians as barbarians, the broad mass of the Batavian population
had really become receptive to the sounds of Roman poetry. 59
One final question remains to be asked. Why did Latin have such a minimal influence on the
post-Roman linguistic development in the Lower Rhine area? Why is Dutch not a Latin language, like French and Spanish? The answer is simple. The strong discontinuity in habitation
in late-Roman times and the Migration period, combined with the massive influx of new
Germanic-speaking groups from the 3rd c. onwards, brought about a clean break in the Latin
linguistic heritage in the region, which ultimately prevented it from being transmitted to the
Middle Ages. Just as Latin was readily adopted as a spoken and written language in the 1st c.
A.D. when the Rhine delta had become part of the Roman frontier, so too it was abandoned
again in the 3rd c. when the historical constellations had changed decisively. Although, in
accordance with 19th-c. national ideologies, the relationship between people and language
has long been conceptualized as exclusive and permanent, 60 the example of the Batavians
demonstrates that this relationship was much more flexible and pragmatic in pre-modern
times than we have often supposed.
Acknowledgements
This publication is one of the results of the project 'The Batavians. Ethnic identity in a frontier situation',
financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The authors wish to thank Alison
Cooley and Lawrence Keppie for the invitation to participate in the conference session at Glasgow, as well
as for their initiative in having the papers published in this collective volume.
Without the help of many amateur archaeologists who gave us access to their private collections, this paper
could not have acquired its present form. For access to public archives of unpublished material and
permission for publication, for drawings of seal-boxes in their collections, and for various other forms of
help and support, we would like to thank the following colleagues and friends: R. Bockius (Mainz), A.
Bosman (Santpoort), C. Bridger (Xanten), P. van den Broeke (Nijmegen), B. Brouwenstijn (Amsterdam), C.
Delplace (Athies-Mons), H. van Enckevort (Nijmegen), B. Gesemann (Mainz), U. Heimberg (Bonn), G. Hensen
(Tongeren), J. Hoevenberg (Heerlen), F. Horbach (Maastricht), E. Kunzl (Mainz), B. Lambot (Compiegne), M.
Martens (Tienen), J. Nicolay (Amsterdam), J. Schatorje (Venlo), L. Swinkels (Nijmegen), J. Thijssen (Nijmegen),
A. Vanderhoeven (Tongeren), E. Verhelst (Tiel), H. Vroon (Eck en Wiel), A. Zwart (Nijmegen). All
illustrations were done by B. Brouwenstijn (AIVU, Amsterdam) with the exception of the seal-box drawings
of cat. 7.12 and 7.20-23, which were done by R. Reijnen (KU Nijmegen), cat. 7.65-68, 8.3, 9.2-3, 9.5-13,9.15-19,
and 11, which were done by A. Simons (Bureau Archeologie Gemeente Nijmegen), and cat. 18.2 by J. Hulst
(ROB, Amersfoort). The drawings of cat. no. 116 were done at the Thermenmuseum, Heerlen. We would also
like to thank Annette Visser for revising the English text.
Abbreviation
CAG = Carte Archeologique de Ia Gaule
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Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
108
0
SNQTセ@
3.15
'
''
'
''
'' ''
I
I
I
I
',_,'
3.16
3.17
0
3.12
3.18
3.19
Pl. 7 .I.
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
109
Appendix 1
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
The first part of the item numbers in the first column, and the letters in the third column, correspond to those used
in fig. 7.6. For seal-boxes which are depicted in the plates, the item number is preceded by an asterisk(*).
In the third column, the following abbreviations have been used for a more detailed specification, between
brackets, of the type of site : (c) = cemetery; (v) =villa.
The fourth column lists specifications regarding the design on the lid: for circular boxes with zoomorphic rivets,
the type of animal is specified, and if such a rivet was presumably present but is now lost, this is indicated by (rl)
=rivet lost; for leaf-shaped boxes, the presence of a design of punched dots is indicated by (pd), a soldered design
of a phalhts by (ph), or a heart-shaped enamel design by (h). With regard to the present state of preservation, only
the presence of the two main parts (the lid and base) is mentioned; no notes suggest that the seal-box is more or less
complete.
In the last column, the abbreviation 'excav.' stands for 'unpublished or ongoing excavation conducted by', and is
normally followed by the find number.
The following abbreviations have been used for institutions and public collections:
AIVU = Archeologisch Instituut van de Vrije Universiteit;
BAGN = Bureau Archeologie Gemeente Nijmegen;
KUN = Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen;
MV =Museum Het Valkhof;
PUG= Provinciaal Utrechts Genootschap;
RMO = Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (National Museum of Antiquities);
ROB = Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoekeo
.s
item
site
no.
type type of seal-box @セ
preser- no. of
of
(design)
セ@ vation perfors::
site
ations
"'
1
2.1
Vleuten-'De Meern'
Utrecht?
B
B
? (frag.) 1
circular (?) 2
2.2
Utrecht 3
B
leaf-shaped
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Utrecht 4
Utrecht 5
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
B
B
circular
circular
circular
circular
leaf-shaped
circular
circular
3.6
Vechten
B
leaf-shaped
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
* 3.12
* 3.13
* 3.14
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
B
leaf-shaped (pd)
leaf-shaped
+
leaf-shaped (ph) +
circular 6
+
circular
circular
circular
+
square
+
*
*
*
*
2
3
4
5
6
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
collection I reference
?
4?
3
+
base
+
base
base
+
4
?
3
4
3
lid?
?
?
3
lid
lid
lid
base
base
lid
lid
3
4
ARCHIS 27440
coli. PUG Utrecht, inv.no. 3473?; Van
Hoorn 1928, afb. 10.4
Vollgraff/Van Hoorn 1934, 51, fig. 21;
Montforts 1995, afb. 41.1
Montforts 1995, afb. 41.2
Montforts 1995, afb. 41.3
RMO Leiden, inv.no. VF928
RMO Leiden, inv.no. VF929
RMO Leiden, inv.no. VF930
RMO Leiden, inv.no. VF932
RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.l184; Holwerda
1908, 202, no. 1184
RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.1193; Holwerda
1908,203,no. 1193
coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; Kalee 1980, afb. 14
coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; Kalee 1980, afb. 14
coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; Kalee 1980, afb. 14
coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; Kalee 1980, afb. 14
Kalee 1980, afb. 14 (right)
coli. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort; Van Rooijen 2000a
coli. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort; Van Rooijen 2000a
coli. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort; Van Rooijen 2000a
Finder unknown. In the ARCHIS digital database at Amersfoort the piece is simply described as "fragmentair
brans zegeldoos".
At Holwerda's fig. 10.4 (top) a relief seems visible on the lid.
Domplein.
Boterstraat.
Vrouwjuttenstraat.
Remarkably, the lid has side walls and notches.
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
110
0
セ]@
3.20
3.26
0
($)
3.21
w
セ@
0
5.1
0
0
ᄃ[`セ@
5.2
avD0
<16{)V
v
3.22
3.23
ョセ@
セ@
,G lJ L
3.25
Pl. 7 .II.
6.2
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
Vechten
3.29
4
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Vechten
B
Maurik
B
Duiven-'Loowaard'
B
Duiven-'Loowaard'
B
Duiven-'Loowaard'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau'
B
Nijmegen-'Kleine Kopse Hof' 10 B (c)
Nijmegen-'Hunerberg' 11
B
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
* 6.23
* 7.1
7
8
9
10
11
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
circular
leaf-shaped (h)
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (ph)
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
circular
circular (rl)
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
circular 7
rhombic
circular
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
circular
leaf-shaped
square
square
square
square
square
semi-oval
circular
rectangular
leaf-shaped
square
square
square
square
circular
square (frag.)
semi-oval
rectangular
rectangular
semi-oval8
indet. 9
square
circular
+
+
+
base
lid
lid
lid
base
+
+
lid
base
3
3
3
3
3
lid
3?
+
+
lid
base
+
+
+
+
base
lid
lid
base
base
base
lid
base
base
base
base
base
base
lid
base
3
3?
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
?
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
111
col!. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort; Van Rooijen 2000a
col!. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort;l Van Rooijen 2000a
col!. J. Vogel, Harmelen
col!. J. Vogel, Harmelen
col!. J. Vogel, Harmelen
col!. D. van Veelen, Oosterbeek
col!. D. van Veelen, Oosterbeek
col!. D. van Veelen, Oosterbeek
col!. B. Elberse, Bunnik
col!. B. Elberse, Bunnik
col!. F. van Renswoude, Oud Zuilen
col!. F. van Renswoude, Oud Zuilen
col!. F. Lindeman, Amersfoort; ARCHIS 23437
col!. Yona, www.ish.nl.detect/ fotoboek/
zegeldoosje.html
col!. A. van de Graaf, Tiel
Desmet-Goethals 1977, 16, 19, afb. 6
col!. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem
coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem
col!. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; ARCHIS 10142
excav. ROB, 235/1/007
excav. ROB, 255/-/257
excav. ROB, 295/1/021
excav. ROB, 306/-/025
excav. ROB, 351/-/001
excav. ROB, 356/1/036
excav. ROB, 356/-/088
excav. ROB, 362/-/003
excav. ROB, 373/-/081
excav. ROB, 373/1/081
excav. ROB, 383/1/106
excav. ROB, 383/2/178
excav. ROB, 404/1/010
excav. ROB, 408/2/122
excav. ROB, 415/-/201
excav. ROB, 424/2/059
excav. ROB, 425/1/050
excav. ROB, 425/1/082
excav. ROB, 425/1/152
excav. ROB, 429/-/001
excav. ROB, 470/1/020
excav. ROB, 292/3/175
MV Nijmegen, no inv. no.
MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.84;
Abeleven/Bijleveld 1895, 124, no. 84
According to the finder, it is comparable with our cat. 67.8.
Patina differences on the lid possibly indicate the former presence of a circular embossment.
During the finds processing the box was crushed into pieces.
According to a hand-written filing card kept at Museum Het Valkhof, this box was found, together with a
"blue ribbed bead" and a simpulum (Den Boesterd 1956, no. 102) in a grave located at "KKH", i.e. the
cemetery at the Kleine Kopse Hof. For the location of this cemetery, see Koster 1997, 15, fig. 2 (nos. 12-13).
For all the seal-boxes listed under this heading, the provenance from the "Hunerberg" is explicitly recorded.
Although a connection with the castra and/or canabae is most probable, theoretically a provenance from the
1st-c. cemetery west of these cannot be ruled out (cf. our cat. 8.1-2).
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
112
6.3
Pl. 7 .III.
.
セ@
'AI'L 'ld
LZ'L
OZ'L
Q@
[Q
L'L
uJZ:tor,
j 0"'
r;·L
tiL
lil
oz:·g
VセGY@
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
114
base
MY Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.84;
AbeleveniBijleveld 1895, 124, no. 84
MY Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.85;
AbeleveniBijleveld 1895, 124, no. 85
MY Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.89;
AbeleveniBijleveld 1895, 124, no. 89
3
* 7.2
Nijmegen-'Hunerberg'
B
circular
* 7.3
Nijmegen-'Hunerberg'
B
circular
* 7.4
N ijmegen-'H unerberg'
B
leaf-shaped
base
3
* 7.5
* 7.6
Nijmegen-castra 12
B
circular
base
4
MY Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.112
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
base
4
excav. RMO, 1959.150
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
4
excav. RMO, 1960.219
Nijmegen-castra
B
rhombic
7.9
. Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
3
BogaersiHaalebos 1977, 140, fig. 27.19
7.10
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular (eagle)
4
excav. KUN, CA1989-029 13212IZD01
Nijmegen-castra
B
4
exca v. KUN, CA 1993-095 I 6829 I ZD02
* 7.12
7.13
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular (eagle)
circular 13
5
excav. KUN, CA1991-05515671IZD03
Nijmegen-castra
B
square
3?
excav. KUN, CA1995-090I9258IZD05
7.14
Nijmegen-castra
B
square
base
3
excav. KUN, CA1994-087 I8850IZD06
7.15
Nijmegen-castra
B
square
base
excav. KUN, CA1989-026I2169IZD07
7.16
Nijmegen-castra
B
square
base
3
?14
lid
* 7.7
7.8
7.11
+
7.17
Nijmegen-castra
B
leaf-shaped
7.18
7.19
Nijmegen-castra
B
B
leaf-shaped (pd) 15
leaf-shaped (pd) 16
Nijmegen-castra
3
+
+
Haalebos 1972,42, afb. 2.3
lid
3
base
excav. KUN, CA1990-029I3491IZD08
excav. KUN, CA1991-04114724IZD09
exca v. KUN, CA 1995-089 I 9228 I ZDl 0
3
excav. KUN, CA1987-014I0367 IZDll
3
excav. KUN, CA1990-036I4067 IZD12
* 7.20
Nijmegen-castra
B
semi-oval
* 7.21
* 7.22
Nijmegen-castra
B
semi-oval
3
excav. KUN, CA1987-006I0134IZD13
B
semi-oval
lid
3
excav. KUN, CA1987-013I0157 IZD14
semi-oval
base
3
excav. KUN, CA19??-000IOOOOIZD15
4
excav. KUN, CA1993-000I6891IZD16
Nijmegen-castra
Nijmegen-castra
* 7.23
7.24
Nijmegen-castra
Nijmegen-castra
7.25
B
B
B
circular
circular? (rl)
lid?
excav. KUN, CA1989-028I2827 IZD17
lid
excav. KUN, CA1989-027 I2880IZD18
excav. KUN, CA1990-033I3666IZD20
7.26
N ijmegen-castra
B
circular
7.27
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
excav. KUN, CA1993-097 16851IZD19
7.28
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
lid
7.29
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular (eagle)
lid
Nijmegen-castra
7.30
B
excav. KUN, CA1989-021I3243IZD21
circular
4
excav. KUN, CA1990-03314041IZD22
4?
excav. KUN, CA1990-000I3818IZD23
excav. KUN, CA1991-04815399IZD25
7.31
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
7.32
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular (rl)
excav. KUN, CA1989-02912738IZD24
lid
7.33
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
4
7.34
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
4
7.35
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
7.36
Nijmegen-castra
B
excav. KUN, CA19??-036I4100IZD26
excav. KUN, CA1991-04615139IZD27
lid
4
excav. KUN, CA1995-085 19181 I ZD28
7.37
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
circular (rl)
7.38
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular (rl)
4
excav. KUN, CA1988-020/1463IZD30
7.39
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular (rl)
4
excav. KUN, CA1987-015I0720IZD31
7.40
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
lid
7.41
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular (rl)
lid
7.42
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
4
excav. KUN, CA1990-028I3471IZD34
7.43
Nijmegen-castra
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
4
excav. KUN, CA1988-018I1426IZD36
セ@
circular? (r1) 17
7.44
12
13
14
15
16
17
excav. KUN, CA1991-041I4724IZD29
lid
lid
excav. KUN, CA19??-07916554IZD32
excav. KUN, CA1990-035I3527 IZD33
excav. KUN, CA1991-049I6001IZD37
According to Verslag der Commissie ter verzekering eener goede bewaring van gedenkstukken van geschiedenis en kunst te Nijmegen over !Jet jaar 1916, Nijmegen, p. 1, found at the Huygensweg.
For the special shape, cf. n.24 above.
The example consists of three recently broken, joining fragments.
No traces of white metal coating are visible.
No traces of white metal coating are visible.
Part of the rivet is still present in the central perforation of the lid. If the concentric grooves on the lid were
to be seen, the rivet probably had the form of a small stud rather than the usual zoomorphic disc. Cf. n.26
below.
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
7.22
0
115
セ@
l
8.2
7.23
サAIi
セ@ ...
.
/
7.65
0
''
'\
8.3
7.66
7.67
9.2
,,..
8.1
Pl. 7.V.
•
セ@
ᆴセ@
9.3
」ᄋZセL@
\,,,
ᄋセZN@
\
''
セ@ . '
-------
''
__ .,,/
::
u
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
116
circular (rl)
4
excav. KUN, CA1991-042/5058/ZD38
circular
3
4
excav. KUN, CA1990-029/3369/ZD39
4
excav. KUN, CA1989-027 /3196/ZD41
base
3
excav. KUN, CA1990-029/3495/ZD42
circular
base
3
excav. KUN, CA1991-044/4935/ZD43
circular
base
3
excav. KUN, CA1989-023/2686/ZD44
base
3?
excav. KUN, CA19??-041/4908/ZD45
circular
base
4
excav. KUN, CA19??-041/4908/ZD46
7.53
Nijmegen-castra
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
7.54
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
base
3
excav. KUN, CA1989-027 /3105/ZD47
7.55
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
base
4
excav. KUN, CA1989-027 /2928/ZD48
7.56
7.57
Nijmegen-castra
circular
circular
base
4
4
excav. KUN, CA1990-037/4122/ZD49
7.58
Nijmegen-castra
B
B
B
circular
lid
7.59
7.60
Nijmegen-castra
B
base
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
circular (eagle)
7.61
7.62
Nijmegen-castra
B
Nijmegen-castra
7.63
Nijmegen-castra
7.45
7.46
Nijmegen-castra
7.47
Nijmegen-casira
Nijmegen-castra
7.48
Nijmegen-castra
7.49
Nijmegen-castra
7.50
7.51
Nijmegen-castra
7.52
Nijmegen-castra
Nijmegen-castra
base
base
circular
circular
circular
circular
base
excav. KUN, CA19??-000/3979/ZD40
excav. KUN, CA1989-027 /2929/ZD50
excav. KUN, CA1993-097 /7130/ZD51
4
excav. KUN, CA1991-043/4887 /ZD52
4
excav. KUN, CA1991-000/6136/ZD54
circular (rl)
4
excav. KUN, CA1991-051/6080/ZD55
B
semi-oval
3?
excav. KUN, CA1997-129/9714/ZD56
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular (rl)
7.64
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
4
excav. KUN, CA1995-088/8848/ZD58
* 7.65
* 7.66
Nijmegen-castra
B
circular
3
excav. BAGN, Ub5-16/49
Nijmegen-castra
B
3
excav. BAGN, Ub5-24/23
* 7.67
Nijmegen-castra
B
* 7.68
* 8.1
Nijmegen-castra
B
leaf-shaped (pd) 18
circular (cock)
MV Nijmegen, no inv. no.
4
MV Nijmegen, inv.no. 8.1987.2
3
excav. BAGN, Gn1-1/33
Van Dockum/Van Ginkel 1993, 128 (right)
MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.IV.116
+
3
excav. BAGN, Mp1-4.396
circular
+
leaf-shaped ?22 (ph)t-
3
excav. BAGN, Mp1-5.147
* 9.2
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
c
* 9.3
9.4
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
* 9.5
* 9.6
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
* 9.7
* 9.8
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
* 9.9
* 9.10
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
* 9.11
* 9.12
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
* 9.13
9.14
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
18
. 19
20
21
22
23
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
excav. BAGN, Ro3-21/25
4
3
* 9.1
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
excav. BAGN, UbS-30/75
lid
circular (toad)
C (c) square
Nijmegen-oppidum Batav 1 9
C (c) circular
Nijmegen-oppidum Batav 2 0
c circular
Nijmegen-oppidum Batav.
21
c rhombic
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
* 8.2
* 8.3
excav. KUN, CA1993-000/0000/ZD57
lid
leaf-shaped
(frag.) (h)
base
base
+
lid
lid?
excav. BAGN, Mp1-10.111
rhombic
lid
excav. BAGN, Mp1-17.426
rhombic
base
circular (rl)
lid
leaf-shaped (ph)
circular
leaf-shaped (ph)
circular
circular
circular
?23
+
+ lid
+ lid
+ lid
+ lid
+
+ lid?
4
excav. BAGN, Mp1-18.145
excav. BAGN, Mp1-18.166
3
excav. BAGN, Ww1-2.048
excav. BAGN, Ww1-4.005
excav. BAGN, Ww1-4.017
excav. BAGN, Ww1-5.1171
excav. BAGN, Ww1-5.1746
3
excav. BAGN, Ww1-6.027
excav. BAGN, Ww1-6.123
Traces of silverplating are present.
According to a hand-written filing card kept at Museum Het Valkhof, the box was found together with "3
bronze coins, a small dolphin, and two small bronze fragments" in a simpulwn (Den Boesterd 1956, no. 101),
and belonged to the furnishings of a grave situated "on the Hunerberg at S". For the location, see Koster
1997, 14 f. with, fig. 2.9.
Findspot at the Museum Kamstraat, i.e., in the 1st-c. cemetery CC. Cf. Haalebos 1995,26 ff.
According to Verslag der Commissie ter verzekering eener goede bewaring van gedenkstukken van gesclziedenis en kunst te Nijmegen over het jaar 1928, Nijmegen, p. 2, it was found at the Waterstraat.
The example has been described in the excavations' database as "zegeldoos fr fallus vertind", but could not
be retrieved in the archive.
The example has been described in the excavations' database as "zegeldoos fr deksel email r", but could not
be retrieved in the archive.
0
8'6
9'6
ZT6
LH
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
118
\
'
\
I
\\
I
/
I
\
\
セ@
QYセ@
I
I
'
\
I
I
I
I
' ''
''
1._)
''
\
I I
9.19
20
21.1
1·cJ
''",.
13
セカ@
14
15
17
18.2
Pl. 7.VII.
カlセ@
• •
• •
[3
..
21.2
@D
[J \•:J セ@
ill
.'
•
28.1
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
*
*
*
*
*
9.18
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
9.19
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
c
c
c
c
c
10
Rossum
D
leaf-shaped (ph)
Cuyk-Grotestraat
D
Houten-Veerwagenweg
Houten-Loerik
E
rhombic
circular (rl) 25
9.15
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
9.16
Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus
9.17
* 11
12
* 13
* 14
* 15
base
+
leaf-shaped 24
base
circular
lid
leaf-shaped (h)
lid
+
+
+
leaf-shaped
4
excav. BAGN, Ww1-7.185
3
excav. BAGN, Ww1-10.151
excav. BAGN, Ww1-7 /1218
lid
excav. BAGN, Ww1-15.648
excav. BAGN, Ww1-26.298
3
Leemans 1842, 126 f., Taf. 18.239; Holwerda
1908, 203, no. 1189; Brouwer 1993, 29-30
3
Excav. BAGN, Cu1-4.145
lid
col!. A. Schoenmaker, Driebergen
lid
col!. F. van Renswoude, Oud Zuilen
Houten-Binnenweg
E
E
square
Werkhoven-Achterdijk
E
circular
16.1
't Goy-Groenedijkje
E
circular
16.2
't Goy-Groenedijkje
Cothen-'De Dom'
E
leaf-shaped
E
square
3
* 17
*
*
*
*
rhombic (frag.)
leaf-shaped
+
base
lid
+
119
J. Vogel, Harmelen
4
col!.
4
col!. A. Veenhof, Werkhoven
lid
col!.
J. Henzen, Wijk bij Duurstede
col!.
J.
Henzen, Wijk bij Duurstede
col!. B. Elberse, Bunnik
18.1
Wijk bij Duurstede-'De Geer'
E
square
3
Mus. Dorestad, Wijk bij Duurstede, inv. 41
18.2
Wijk bij Duurstede-'De Geer'
E
circular (eagle)
4
col!. A. Veenhof, Werkhoven
4
col!. BATO, Tiel
3
Mus. Buren en Oranje, Buren (former col!.
H. Vroon); ARCHIS 22957
3
col!. Bovenschen; inf. H. Vroon
19
Wijk bij Duurstede-'De Harden' E
circular (cock)
lid
20
Maurik-'Het Haagje'
E
circular
base
21.1
Maurik-'Hornixveld'
E
circular
+
+
* 21.2
22.1
22.2
* 23
Maurik-'Hornixveld'
E
leaf-shaped (ph)
Lienden
E
circular
Lien den
Lienden-Aalst
E
leaf-shaped
E
rhombic
col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
lid
base
+
+
Excav. ROB, 542-003-005
lid
col!. Bovenschen; inf. H. Vroon
lid
col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
24
Kesteren
E
circular
25.1
Dodewaard-Gesperden
E
circular
25.2
Dodewaard-Gesperden
E
circular (eagle)
26
Hemmen-'Kleine Wuust'
E
leaf-shaped (h)
27
Zetten-Zettense Pad
E
leaf-shaped
* 28.1
Arnhem-'De Laar'
E
circular 26
3?
Excav. Mun. Arnhem, 46/4/501-1
28.2
Arnhem-'De Laar'
E
rhombic
?
Excav. Mun. Arnhem, 09/3/66.1
* 29
Elst-Merm
E
circular
30
Elst-Lijnden
E
rhombic
31.1
Oosterhout-Van Boetselaerstr
E
31.2
Oosterhout-Van Boetselaerstr
31.3
Oosterhout-Van Boetselaerstr
col!. P. Verweij, Hemmen
lid
col!. P. Verweij, Hemmen
lid
col!. W. van den Brandhof, Hemmen;
ARCHIS 40750
col!. H. Sanders, Elst
lid
col!. L. Okel, Den Helder
lid
Excav. BAGN, Bo5-76.73
E
circular
lid
Excav. BAGN, Bo5-164.50
E
circular
lid
Excav. BAGN, Bo5-164.66
+
32.1
Gellicum-'De Worden'
E
circular
base
4
Gellicum-'De Worden'
E
leaf-shaped
base
3
32.3
Gellicum-'De Worden'
E
leaf-shaped
33
Deil-'Boerekamp'
E
leaf-shaped (pd)
34.1
Geldermalsen-'Binnenveld'
E
rhombic
34.2
Geldermalsen-'Binnenveld'
E
rhombic
E
rhombic
Waardenburg-'De Woerden'
E
circular (frag.)
* 36.2
Waardenburg-'De Woerden'
E
circular
* 36.3
Waardenburg-'De Woerden'
E
leaf-shaped
27
col!. P. Verweij, Hemmen
lid
circular
Waardenburg 27
26
col!. Hevel; inf. H. Vroon
lid
36.1
25
+
3
lid
32.2
* 35
24
base
+
+
lid
?
col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
lid
lid
base
col!. C. Wiggelinkhuysen, Geldermalsen
col!. C. Wiggelinkhuysen, Geldermalsen
lid
?
+
J. Wakker, Beesd (Wakker II, 365)
J. Wakker, Beesd (Wakker II, 364)
col!. J. Wakker, Beesd
coil.
col!.
3
+
+
+
col!. J. Wakker, Beesd (Wakker II, 366)
col!. J. Wakker, Beesd; inf. H. Vroon
col!. A. Verhagen, Empel (formerly col!.
Schippers)
3
col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
With sloping side walls.
With central perforation.
Centre of the lid perforated. Since the lid shows traces of a white metal coating, it seems improbable that
originally a rivet of the zoomorphic type was present. Probably it had the form of a small stud. Since the box
has not yet been cleaned or restored, the number of perforations cannot be established with certainty.
In the archive kept by Vroon registered as 'findspot 82'.
J.
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
120
0
29
0
35
36.2
36.3
0
0
39.3
Pl. 7.VIII.
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
42
セ@
43
セ@
0
0
"'
u
on
.,08 G
"
48
セ|@
Pl. 7.IX.
セ@
Pセ@
50
51
"'0
l:j 3
セ@
セ@
Tセ@
121
55.1
セ@
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
122
* 36.4
* 37.1
* 37.2
* 38.1
* 38.2
* 38.3
* 38.4
38.5
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.9
38.10
39.1
* 39.2
* 39.3
40
41
* 42
* 43
* 44
* 45.1
* 45.2
* 45.3
* 45.4
* 45.5
45.6
* 46
col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
leaf-shaped
circular (eagle)
+
lid
lid
leaf-shaped
circular
circular
leaf-shaped (h)
+
lid
lid
+
E
rhombic
circular
circular
leaf-shaped
circular
+ lid
col!. D. Oomen, Ophemert
E
rhombic
+
col!. D. Oomen, Ophemert
col!. A. Verhagen, Empel (coil. J. Schippers)
Waardenburg-'De Woerden'
E
Neerijnen-'Hooge Tieflaar'
Neerijnen-'Hooge Tieflaar'
E
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
E
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
Est-'Rijs en Ooijen'
Ophemert-'Elzevier'
Ophemert-'Elzevier'
Ophemert-'Elzevier'
Ophemert-'Wilhelminahoeve'
E
Ophemert-'De Steendert'
Ophemert
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
+
lid
lid
+
+
3
base
lid
circular 28
base
+
イィッュ「ゥセ@
col!. H. Peeters, Lieshout
col!. H. Peeters, Lieshout
col!. H. Peeters, Lieshout
lid
lid
lid
E
E
E
E
coil. H. Murray, Hedel
col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode
col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode
col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode
col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode
col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode
col!. J. Wakker, Beesd
col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
3
3
rhombic
circular 29
base
base
3
3
circular
circular (frag.)
base
base
3?
base
3
Wadenoijen-'Breeuwert'
Zennewijnen-'Hoogekamp'
E
E
rhombic
circular
Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg
E
E
E
circular
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
lid
3
+
coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
coil. A. Weinmann, Scherpenzeel ARCHIS
22898
col!. BATO, Tiel
col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
coil. BATO, Tiel
col!. BATO, Tiel
excav. AIVU, 122/1/124
3
excav. AIVU, 128/1/234
excav. AIVU, 138/0/011
excav. AIVU, 173/1/060
3
excav. AIVU, 184/1/038
coil. A. van Herwijnen, Tiel
* 47
Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg
Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg
Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg
Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg
Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg
Kapel-A vezaath-'Nieuwenoord'
Kapel-Avezaath-'Bergakker'
* 48
Buren-'De Hofkamp'
E
circular
Buren-'Hooge Korn'
Zoelen-'Nije Graaf'
E
E
circular
leaf-shaped
Zoe len
Echteld I
Echteld I
Echteld II
Aalst-'Eendenkade' (Kerkwijk)
Nieuwaal-'Kendert'
Nieuwaal-'Kendert'
Nieuwaal-Middelkampseweg
Delwijnen-'De Eng'
E
E
circular
circular (frag.)
E
circular (frag.)
E
circular
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
+
rhombic
circular
circular
circular
leaf-shaped (ph) +
circular
rhombic (frag.)
+
circular
E
E
rhombic
circular
+
E
E
leaf-shaped
rhombic
+
lid
coli. H. Murray, Hedel
+
lid
coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
49
* 50
* 51
52.1
52.2
53
54
* 55.1
55.2
56
57.1
* 57.2
* 57.3
* 58
* 59
* 60
* 61
62
28
29
Delwijnen-'De
Delwijnen-'De
Delwijnen-'De
Delwijnen-'De
Eng'
Eng'
Vorsten'
Boosteren'
Kerkwijk-'Het Paradijs'
Bruchem-'De Burge'
Beneden-Leeuwen
E
circular
E
E
E
square
circular
circular (frag.)
E
square
+
lid
lid
base
coli. BATO, Tiel
base
base
base
4
3?
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (formerly coli. D.
Jansen, Wijchen); ARCHIS 31165
coil. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort
coil. C. Wiggelinkhuysen, Geldermalsen
base
3
coli. M .. Evers, St.-Oedenrode
3
coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
3
+
lid
3
+
lid
lid
base
lid
lid
lid
base
3
col!. A. Verhagen, Empel (coil. J. Schippers)
3
coli. A. Wagemakers, Waspik
coil. A. Knops, Vught
coil. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden
coli. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden
col!. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden
4
coil. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden
4
coil. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden
base
lid
base
col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel
coil. R. van Zeelst, Ammerzoden
coil. A. Verhagen, Empel (coil. J. Schippers)
With sloping side walls and exceptionally large diameter of 30 mm.
In contrast to what is suggested by the reference in the ARCHIS database to Ulbert 1969, Taf. 41.26 (==
square seal-box of our cat. no. 99.6), the example is circular.
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas BatavortLJn
エセj@セ@
57.2
9V
57.3
58
63.2
BGMNjセ@
64.1
セ@
64.2
Pl. 7.X.
@
セ@
123
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
124
セ@
67.12
67.13
67.6
67.14
67.9
67.10
x.5
Pl. 7.XI.
Gセ@
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
* 63.1
Ewijk-'De Grote Aalst'
E (v) circular
base
4
* 63.2
Ewijk-'De Grote Aalst'
E (v) circular
base
4
* 64.1
Wijchen-'Tienakker'
Wijchen-'Tienakker'
Groesbeek-'Klein America'
E (v)?leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
E
* 64.2
65
66
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (ex col!. T. Jansen, Wijchen)
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (ex col!. T. Jansen, Wijchen)
Excav. BAGN, Til-23.84
Frans Bloemen Museum, Wijchen
col!. J. de Jong, Molenhoek; Hiddink 2000,30
MV Nijmegen, inv.no. 15.5.23.10 (formerly
col!. Arntz)
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.1 ( EB)
lid
lid
lid
lid
Milling en
E
E
Empel-'De Werf'
F
square
square
circular (toad)
circular (eagle)
circular (frag.)
67.7
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
F
F
F
F
F
F
circular
circular
3
4
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.6 ( E-256)
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.7
67.8
67.9
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
F
F
circular
circular
3
4
67.10
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
F
circular
circular (rl)
circular (tinned)
circular (frag.)
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.8
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.9 ( EB)
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.10 ( E-221)
* 67.1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
circular
leaf-shaped 30
+
+
+
+
125
67.2
67.3
67.4
67.5
67.6
67.11
67.12
67.13
F
F
F
67.19
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
67.20
Empel-'De Werf'
F
Empel-'De Werf'
F
F
67.14
67.15
67.16
67.17
67.18
67.21
67.22
F
F
F
F
F
F
leaf-shaped
circular
square
square
square
leaf-shaped
3
3
lid
3
lid
base
+
base
base
base
base
+
base
leaf-shaped
circular (rl)
circular 31
4
?
3
3
3
3
3
lid
3
4
lid
base
67.23
67.24
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
67.25
67.26
Empel-'De Werf'
Empel-'De Werf'
F
F
68
x.1
Macharen
Nijmegen?
E
?
rhombic
circular
x.2
Nijmegen?
?
leaf-shaped
x.3
Nijmegen?
?
circular (cock)
lid
* x.4
Nijmegen?
?
circular (rl)
lid
* x.S
Nijmegen?' 33
?
square
F
F
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.2 ( EB)
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.3 ( E-123)
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.4 ( E-231)
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.5 ( E-125)
4
square
base
square
circular
circular
+
+
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.11
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.12 ( EB-638)
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.13
Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.14 ( E-124)
*Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, E156
*Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, E402
*Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, E453
*Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, DBOE II-0-12
Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, inv.no. 5549 (ex
col!. T. van den Brandt)
col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB-371
*col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB-598
*col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB-843
3
3
?
*col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB
3
*col!. A. Verhagen, Empel (formerly col!. R.
van Gijn, 's-Hertogenbosch)
col!. T. Jansen, Wijchen
MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.39;
Abeleven/Bijleveld 1895, 122, no. 39
MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.40;
Abeleven/Bijleveld 1895, 122, no. 40
lid
4
?32
3
*col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB
col!. P. Vlemminckx, 's-Hertogenbosch
MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.40; Abeleven/
Bijleveld 1895, 122, no. 40; Zadoks-Josephus
Jitta/Gerhartl-Witteveen 1983, 18, no. 226
MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.40; Abeleven/
Bijleveld 1895, 122, no. 40
MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.VI.34
30
With an enamel design of a stylized human face, comparable to an example from Mainz. Cf. Von Mercklin
31
32
33
It cannot be concluded from the drawing whether the lid is centrally perforated for a rivet.
1935, 127, no. 47 and Abb. 50.
The number of perforations cannot be established due to far-reaching corrosion.
The example was acquired in 1884, which could point to a findspot on theW edge of the Hunerberg, where at
the time the modern town was expanding over the former rampart. Information from L Swinkels, MV
Nijmegen.
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
126
,.0 [] Q
x.11
x.13
116.1
116.2
116.4
Pl. 7.XII.
139
Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum
x.6
Nijmegen?
x.7
Nijmegen?
Nijmegen?
x.8
* x.9
x.10
circular
4
Van Dockum/Van Ginkel 1993, 128(left);
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam)
?
circular
?
?
circular (rl) 34
4
4
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam)
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam)
3
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam)
?
Nijmegen?
?
?
?
?
?
circular
circular
leaf-shaped (pd)
leaf-shaped
rhombic 35
circular
x.15
Nijmegen?
?
?
x.16
Nijmegen?
?
leaf-shaped (pd)
?
x.17
Nijmegen?
?
leaf-shaped
(rosette)
?
x.18
Nijmegen?
?
leaf-shaped
* x.11
x.12
* x.13
x.14
Nijmegen?
Nijmegen?
Nijmegen?
Nijmegen?
Nijmegen?
127
+
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam)
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam)
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam)
MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam)
RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.l185;
Holwerda 1908, 202, no. 1185
RMO Lei den, inv.no. E.III.ll88;
Holwerda 1908, 203, no. 1188
RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.ll90;
Holwerda 1908, 203, no. 1190
lid
3
+
lid
base
3
?
?
+
RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.1191;
Holwerda 1908,203, no. 1191
RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.ll92;
Holwerda 1908, 203, no. 1192
?
+
The following items became known to us too late to be inserted in the appendix and the corresponding diagram and maps: 2
complete circular boxes (one with a design of an eagle and 3 perforations, the other plain and with 4 holes) from Nijmegen-Kops
Pleateau now in the col!. B. ter Horst, Nijmegen; a leaf-shaped base with 3 holes from Houten-Veerwagenweg (cat. 12), col!. B.
Verburg, Amersfoort; a rectangular base with 3 holes from Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg (excav. AIVU 147 /0/127); a leaf-shaped
base with 3 holes from a rural settlement at Rijswijk-'Essenbos' publishsed by Holwerda in Ge/re 20 (1917) 235, fig. 5; and a square
enamel lid and a lozenge-shaped base with 4 perforations, both probably from Nijmegen and now in the col!. B. ter Horst.
34
35
The pin of a rivet is still present.
For the shape, compare Koscevic 2000, fig. 1.9.
Appendix 2
Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland
For details concerning numbering and abbreviations, see Appendix 1.
For public collections mentioned in the last column, the following additional abbreviations have been used here:
FM =Fries Museum;
IPP = Instituut voor Pre- en Protohistorie, University of Amsterdam;
LM = Limburgs Museum; MAN= Musee des Antiquites Nationales;
MNHA = Musee National d'Histoire et d' Art;
PGRM = Provinciaal Gallo-Romeins Museum;
RGM = Romisch-Germanisches Museum;
RLM = Rheinisches Landesmuseum.
00
;§
item
no.
-
71.1
site
type
of
site
type of
seal-box
(desi!jn)
]
I'd
5
preser- no. of
vation perforations
Chateau-Porcien-'Nandin'
Chateau-Porcien-'Nandin'
Chateau-Porcien-'Nandin'
Chateau-Porcien-'Nandin'
Voncq-'Le Moulin a Vent'
A
A
A
square
Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine
A
semi-oval
3
MAN, St-Germain-en-Laye, inv.no. 16263;
Cizmar 1990, 599
73.2
Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine
A
semi-oval
3
73.3
Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine
A
circular
MAN, St-Germain-en-Laye, inv.no. 16264;
Cizrnat1990, 599
Guiraud 1988, fig. 25b (top)
73.4
73.5
Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine
A
circular (panther)
Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine
A
leaf-shaped (ph)
3
Deyts/Rolley 1973, no. 7, pl. 1.7; Guiraud
1988, fig. 25b (centre)
71.2
71.3
71.4
72
73.1
A
A
base
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (pd)
leaf-shaped
lid
lid
base
3
collection I reference
3
Lambot 1983, 44, fig. 20.248
private col!.; pers. comm. B.
private col!.; pers. comm. B.
private col!.; pers. comm. B.
private col!.; pers. comm. B.
Lambot
Lambot
Lambot
Lambot
Guiraud 1988, fig. 25b (bottom)
+
Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland
128
73.6
Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine
A
circular (cock)
74
Altenburg-Rheinau
A
semi-oval
75.1
75.2
75.3
Velsen I
Velsen I
Velsen I
B
square
75.4
76.1
76.2
76.3
76.4
76.5
Velsen I
Alphen a/d
Alphen a/d
Alphen a/d
Alphen a/d
Alphen a/d
76.6
76.7
76.8
Alphen a/d Rijn
Alphen a/d Rijn
77.1
77.2
78.1
78.2
78.3
78.4
78.5
78.6
78.7
79.1
79.2
79.3
Rijn
Rijn
Rijn
Rijn
Rijn
Alphen a/d Rijn
Zwammerdam
Zwammerdam
'bei Cleve' 38
'bei Cleve'
'bei Cleve'
'bei Cleve'
'bei Cleve'
'bei Cleve'
'bei Cleve'
Xan ten- Vetera
79.4
Xanten-Vetera
Xanten- Vet era
Xanten- Vet era
80
Bi.iderich39
81
82.1
82.2
82.3
Hal tern
Kalkriese
Kalkriese
Kalkriese
Kalkriese
Moers-Asberg
82.4
83
84.1
84.2
84.3
84.4
84.5
84.6
84.7
84.8
36
37
38
39
B
square36
B
B
B
B
B
square 37
circular
circular
circular
circular
B
B
B
leaf-shaped
circular (eagle)
circular
B
leaf-shaped
B
B
B?
square
circular
circular (ph)
circular
B?
B?
B?
square
square
leaf-shaped
B?
B?
B?
B
B
B
lid
3
B
B
B
B
B
B
B (c)
square
square
square
square
square
circular
circular
B
Neuss
Neuss
excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00467
excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00476
excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00483a
3
excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00483b
excav. KUN, ALP01.029.00559
Haalebos 1977,230, Abb. 22.123
3
+
base
base
base
base
base
lid
Bosman 1997, 148; AWN inv.no. 60
excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00452
excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00464a
excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00464b
3
4
lid
square
leaf-shaped
rectangular
circular
3
3
3
lid
base
base
?
B
B?
Bosman 1997, 148; excav. IPP, 89-20-06
Bosman 1997, 148; AWN inv.no. 2149
base
base
base
base
base
base
Mus. Alesia inv.no. 807; Feugere & Abautzit
1995' 54
Fischer 1974, 158, Taf. 33.3-5
Bosman 1997, 148; excav. IPP, 90-21-012
Haalebos 1977, 230 f., Abb. 22.124
Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 573
Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 574
Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 575
Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 576
Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 577
Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 578
?
Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 579
3
3
Hanel1995, 47, Taf. 4l.B296
Hanel1995, 47, Taf. 4l.B297
5
Hanel1995, 47, B298
Hanel1995, 47, Taf. 41.B299
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 40.234
Dragendorff 1903, 61 Abb. 2
Franzius 1992,374, Abb. 14.2
Franzius 1992,374, Abb. 15.2
Franzius 1992,374, Abb. 15.3
base
3
base
3
Franzius 1992, 374, Abb. 15.4
Bechert 1974, 109, fig. 84.14
square
base
B
B
B
rectangular
circular
circular
3
4
3
Koenen 1883, 160
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 06910
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 07480
base
lid
3
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 07534
Neuss
Neuss
B
B
circular
circular
base
lid
3
Neuss
B
circular
Neuss
Neuss
Neuss
+
lid
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 08060
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 08693
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 09747;
Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.44
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 10720;
Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.42
According to A. Bosman, an iron example, of which only fragments of the base have been preserved.
According to A. Bosman, a white metal example.
Although we have been unable to identify the site, a rural settlement seems rather improbable, given the
relatively large number found at a period when metal-detecting was unknown. One of the possibilities with
regard to provenance is the Monreberg at Altkalkar, where Roman finds were made as early as the 1880s,
some of them from the early 1st c. (Schonberger 1985, 424), the period to which at least the square boxes
belong. It has been impossible to retrieve the seal-boxes from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen in
Berlin: they should probably be regarded as lost now (pers. comm. M. Bronner).
No excavations have been undertaken on this site, but according to information from U. Heimberg
(Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn), the amount of military equipment gathered here may justify an
interpretation as an auxiliary camp.
Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland
84.9
84.10
Neuss
Neuss
B
B
circular
leaf-shaped
84.11
84.12
84.13
Neuss
Neuss
Neuss
B
B
B
square
circular
84.14
84.15
84.16
Neuss
Neuss
Neuss
B
B
B
leaf-shaped
circular
circular
84.17
Neuss
B
circular
84.18
84.19
Neuss
Neuss
B
B
circular
circular
lid
85
86.1
86.2
86.3
86.4
Cologne-' Alteburg'
Bonn-Wichelshof
B
B
Bonn-Wichelshof
B
Bonn-Wichelshof
B
Bonn-? (exact place unknown) B
Bonn-?
B
Bonn-?
B
circular
circular
base
Bonn-?
Niederbieber
B
B
Niederbieber
Niederbieber
Niederbieber
B
B
B
B
square
leaf-shaped (h)
circular
leaf-shaped
86.5
86.6
86.7
87.1
87.2
87.3
87.4
88.1
88.2
88.3
88.4
88.5
88.6
88.7
88.8
88.9
88.10
40
41
42
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
88.11
88.12
88.13
88.14
88.15
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
88.16
88.17
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
B
B
88.18
88.19
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
88.20
88.21
88.22
88.23
88.24
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
B
B
B
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
lid
3
3?
lid
lid
circular40
circular (frag.)
rhombic
rhombic
leaf-shaped
circular
square
leaf-shaped (h)
leaf-shaped (h)
circular
circular
circular
leaf-shaped (ph)
rhombic
circular
leaf-shaped (h)
leaf-shaped
(pd)42
base
base
441
?
+
+
+ lid
+ lid
leaf-shaped (ph)
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
circular
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (ph)
leaf-shaped
4
4
4?
4
4
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 10721
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 10723;
Lehner 1904, 387, Taf. 34.41
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 10728
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 11779
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 11880;
Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.29
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 11994
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 12501
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 12612;
Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.30
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 12656;
Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.31
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 13223
RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.1186;
Holwerda 1908, 202
Carroll & Fischer 1999,567, Abb. 18.9
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 74.5511
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 77.0352
RLM Bonn, inv.no. Wi 2537
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 04325
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 16084
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 16085
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 19087
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 32087
lid
+
?
?
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (ph)
3
3
4
129
lid
lid
lid
lid
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 32088
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 32191
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 32211
Jacobi 1909,91, (inv.no. Z 230a)
Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf. 10.33 (inv.no. Z 231)
lid
?
lid
lid
?
lid
lid
lid
lid
Jacobi 1909,91, Taf. 10.34 (inv.no. Z 233)
Jacobi 1909, 91 (inv.no. Z 233a)
Jacobi 1909,91 (inv.no. Z 233b)
Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf. 10.35 (inv.no. Z 234)
Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf.
Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf.
Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf.
Jacobi 1909, 91-92,
1409)
base
lid
?
base
3
3
3
3
Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi
10.39 (inv.no. Z 224)
10.41 (inv.no. Z 225)
10.47 (inv.no. Z 230)
87, fig. 10.4 (inv.no. Z
1910, 52 (inv.no. 2470)
1910,52 (inv.no. 2484)
1913, 64, Taf. 9.26 (inv.no. 3450?)
1913, 64, Taf. 9.27 (inv.no. 3454)
Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.28 (inv.no. 3452)
Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.29 (inv.no. 3453)
lid
Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.30 (inv.no. 3451)
lid
Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.31 (inv.no. 3449?)
Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.32
Jacobi 1913, 64 (inv.no. 3456)
3
lid
+
base
3
3
Jacobi 1913, 64 (inv.no. 3457)
Jacobi 1913, 65, Taf. 20.8
Jacobi 1913, 65, Taf. 20.9
Jacobi 1913, Taf. 20.9a
According to U. Heimberg: "am Rand 8 spitze Kni:ipfe".
According to U. Heimberg, the example does not have 5 perforations, as stated by Lehner, but 4.
The design is not the usual curvilinear pattern, but that of a bird.
Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland
130
B
88.27
89.1
89.2
89.3
89.4
90
91.1
91.2
91.3
Zugmantel
Alteburg-Heftrich
Alteburg-Heftrich
Alteburg-Heftrich
Alteburg-Heftrich
B
Feldberg
Saalburg
Saalburg
Saalburg
B
91.4
91.5
91.6
Saalburg
Sa alburg
Saalburg
B
91.7
Saalburg
91.8
91.9
91.10
91.11
Saalburg
Saalburg
Saalburg
Saalburg
92.1
92.2
92.3
92.4
Butzbach
Butzbach
Butzbach
Butzbach
Butzbach
B
Butzbach
Butzbach
Butzbach
Butzbach
Butzbach
B
Butzbach
Ober-Florstadt
Ober-Florstadt
Ruckingen
Osterburken
Osterburken
B
88.26
92.5
92.6
92.7
92.8
92.9
92.10
92.11
93.1
93.2
94
95.1
95.2
95.3
95.4
95.5
96
97.1
97.2
base
base
leaf-shaped
circular
Zugmantel
Zugmantel
88.25
B
circular
rhombic
+ lid
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
rhombic
square
rhombic
+ lid
lid
lid
+ lid
+
B
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
B
B
circular
circular
+
+
+
B
circular
circular
+
+
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
circular
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
+
Jacobi 1904, 7, no. 5
Jacobi 1904, 7,no.6
Jacobi 1904,7,no. 7
Jacobi 1905, 29, no. 102
Jacobi 1897, 512, Taf. 69.3
Jacobi 1897, 520, Taf. 69.4
Jacobi 1897, 512, Taf. 69.5
Jacobi 1897,520, Taf. 69.10
Jacobi 1897,520, Taf. 69.11
Jacobi 1897, Taf. 69.12
Jacobi 1897, Taf. 69.13
lid
base
Jacobi 1897, Taf. 69.16
Jacobi 1930,30, Taf. 5.17
3
3
3
+
Osterburken
Osterburken
+
B
Osterburken
B
leaf-shaped
Jagsthausen
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
B
leaf-shaped
circular
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
B
3
3
3
+
+
+
+
lid
lid
lid
lid
lid
lid
base
base
base
base
3
3
3
3
3
B
leaf-shaped
circular
circular
circular
circular (Victoria)
circular
circular
circular (Victoria)
97.10
97.11
97.12
97.13
97.14
Hofheim im Taur1Us
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
B
circular
B
circular (dolphin)
lid
B
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
B
base
3
B
leaf-shaped
circular
circular (animal)
97.15
97.16
Hofheim im Taur1US
Hofheim im TaUI1US
B
circular
base
3
B
circular (portrait)
97.3
97.4
97.5
97.6
97.7
97.8
97.9
B
B
B
B
B
B
base
base
lid
Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7
Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7
Kofler1894, 19,no. 7
Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7
Kofler 1903, 11, no. 5
Kofler 1903, 11, no. 6, Taf. 1.15
Wolff 1913, 16, Taf. 2.8
Schumacher 1895, 34, Taf. 6.48
Stade 1933,235, no. 60, Taf. 24.60
Stade 1933, 235, no. 63, Taf. 24.63
3
base
Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7
Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7
Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7
Stade 1933, 235, no. 61, Taf. 24.61
Stade 1933, 235, no. 62, Taf. 24.62
+ lid
+ lid
+
Jacobi 1930, 30, Taf. 5.19
Jacobi 1934,20, Taf. 2.21
Lindenschmit 1889, Taf. 18.15
Lindenschmit 1889, Taf. 18.16
Lindenschmit 1889, Taf. 18.18
Lindenschmit 1889, Taf. 18.19
3
+
leaf-shaped
B
Jacobi 1904,7, no. 4, Taf. 2.9
+
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
B
4
3
B
B
B
Jacobi 1913, 65, Taf. 20.11
Jacobi 1913, 65 (inv.no. 3970)
+
+
B
B
3
+ lid
+ lid
+ lid
+ lid
+ lid
+
B
Jacobi 1913, 65, Taf. 20.10
?
+
+
+
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
leaf-shaped (ph)
rhombic enamel
circular (hare)
B
3
3
3
3
Kortum 1988,349, Abb. 17.7
inv.no. 16042; Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.64
inv.no. 17057.2; Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.66
inv.no. 17088; Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.65
Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.67
Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.68
inv.no. 17579.1; Ritterling 1904, 413
inv.no. 17579.2; Ritterling 1904,413
inv.no. 17579.3; Ritter ling 1904,413
inv.no. 17579.4; Ritterling 1904,413
inv.no. 17579.5; Ritter ling 1904,413
Ritterling 1904, 413, Abb. 12
inv.no. 18314; Ritterling 1912, 186, Taf. 16.56
inv.no. 18315; Ritterling 1912, 187
inv.no. 18316; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.22;
ibid. Taf. 16.54
inv.no. 18933; Ritterling 1912, 187
inv.no. 18934; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.26
ibid. Taf. 16.55?
=
Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland
97.17
Hofheim im Taunus
B
circular (gladiator)
97.18
97.19
97.20
97.21
97.22
Hofheim
Hofheim
Hofheim
Hofheim
Hofheim
im Taunus
im Taunus
im Tamms
im Tamms
im Tamms
B
B
B
B
B
circular
circular (altar?)
circular (trees)
circular
circular (rosette)
97.23
Hofheim im Tamms
B
circular
97.24
Hofheim im Taunus
B
circular
?
97.25
97.26
Hofheim im Taunus
Hofheim im Taunus
B
B
circular
circular
base
97.27
Hofheim im Taunus
B
circular
98.1
98.2
98.3
98.4
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
98.5
98.6
98.7
98.8
98.9
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
rhombic
rhombic
square
square
square
square
circular (animal)
circular
Mainz-Legionslager
B
circular?
98.10
98.11
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
98.12
98.13
98.14
98.15
98.16
98.17
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz-Legionslager
Mainz
B
B
B
B
square
circular
circular
circular
98.18
Mair1Z
99.1
Rheingi:inheim
B?
B
leaf-shaped
circular
99.2
Rheingi:inheim
B
circular
99.3
99.4
Rheingi:inheim
Rheingi:inheim
B
B
circular
circular (horse?)
99.5
99.6
99.7
99.8
Rheingi:inheim
Rheingi:inheim
Rheingi:inheim
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
square
square
square
square
square
semi-oval
circular
B
circular
inv.no. 18935; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.23
ibid. Taf. 12.577
base
3
?
inv.no.
inv.no.
inv.no.
inv.no.
=
19538; Ritterling 1912, 187
19539; Ritterling 1912, 187
19540; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.28
19541; Ritterling 1912, 187
inv.no. 19559; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.25
inv.no. 08.493; Ritterling'1912, Taf. 12.27
base
?
+
+
base
lid
base
inv.no. 08.494; Ritterling 1912, 187
3
3
inv.no. 08.495; Ritterling 1912, 187
inv.no. 08.496; Ritterling 1912, 187
inv.no. 09.338; Ritterling 1912, 187
Westd. Z 12 (1893), 389, Taf. 5.5
!
Westd. Z 12 (1893), 389
3
3
3
3
Behrens 1912, 89, Abb.
Behrens 1912, 89, Abb.
Behrens 1912, 89, Abb.
Behrens 1912, 89, Abb.
3
Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. 3.34
Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. 3.35
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. 3.36
3
3
+ lid
base
3
+
3
B
leaf-shaped
B
leaf-shaped
B
leaf-shaped
B (c) circular? (eagle)
131
+
lid
3
3
+
base
base
base
lid
base
base
3
3
Behrens 1913/14, 69, Abb. 2.26
Behrens 1913/14, 69, Abb. 2.23
Behrens 1913/14, 69, Abb. 2.25
Behrens 1913/14,69, Abb. 2.27
Behrens 1913/14,69, Abb. 2.24
Behrens 1917/18, 30, Abb. 11.6
Behrens 1917/18, 30
Mertens-Schaaffhausen 1850, 139-40, Taf.
4.2; cf. Aus'm Weerth 1859, 94-95
Von Mercklin 1935, 127, Abb. 50
Ulbert 1969,50, Taf. 41.21
Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.22
3
Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.23
Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.24
3
3
3
3
3
3
Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.25
Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.26
Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.27
Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.28
Fingerlin 1986, Fundnr. 161.2
Fingerlin 1986, Fundnr. 176.5
3
Fingerlin 1986, Fundnr. 426.1
Fingerlin 1986, Fundnr. 503.1
100.1
100.2
100.3
100.4
Rheingi:inheim
Dangstetten
Dangstetten
Dangstetten
Dangstetten
100.5
Dangstetten
B
square
3
Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 658.9
100.6
100.7
Dangstetten
Dangstetten
B
B
square
semi-oval
3
100.8 Dangstetten
100.9 Dangstetten
100.10 Dangstetten
B
B
square
circular
Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 696.3
Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 844c.1
Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 1048.3
B
square
100.11
101.1
101.2
102.1
102.2
102.3
Dangstetten
Hi.ifingen
Hi.ifingen
RiBtissen
Rilltissen
RiBtissen
B
B
B
B
square
circular
circular
circular (rl)
base
B
B
circular
circular
base
base
103.1
Vindonissa
B
circular (eagle)
base
base
base
3
base
3
3
3
3
3
3
lid
4
Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 1059.2
Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 1122.6
Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 1233.2
Revellio 1937, 39, Taf. 10.42
Revellio 1937,39, Taf. 10.43
Ulbert 1970,32, Taf. 11.179
3
Ulbert 1970, 32, Taf. 11.179a
3
Ulbert 1970,44, Taf. 26.416
4
Simonett 1947, 70, Abb. 18.6; Laur-Belart
1962, 42; Speidel1996, fig. 9, left
Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland
132
103.2
103.3
Vindonissa
Vindonissa
103.4
Vindonissa
103.5
103.6
Vindonissa
Vindonissa
Basel-Munsterhugel
104
105
106.1
106.2
106.3
107.1
Strasbourg
Mirebeau
Mirebeau
Mirebeau
Tongeren43
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
107.2
Tongeren44
107.3
Tongeren45
107.4
Tongeren46
107.5
107.6
Tongeren
Tongeren?
c
c
c
c
c
c
107.7
Tongeren?
107.8
108.1
circular (capricorn)
circular (rl)
3
4
Simonett 1947, 70, Abb. 18.7
Meyer-Freuler 1989, 200, Taf. 25.391
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (pd)
?
square
3
Speidel1996, fig. 9 (centre right)
Speidel1996, fig. 9 (right)
leaf-shaped
circular (eagle)
circular
circular
square
Speidel1996, fig. 9 (centre left)
lid
lid
base
base
+
4
3
4
4?
excav. lAP, find no. T092/019 I 446
circular
+
4
coil. P. Vrancken, Maastricht
square
+
4
coil. P. Vrancken, Maastricht
4
Marien 1980, 136, fig. 61b
PGRM Tongres, inv.no. 215 (ex coil. De
Schaetzen)
PGRM Tongres, inv.no. 868 (ex coil. De
Schaetzen)
PGRM Tongres, inv.no. 2451
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 36.3286
RLM Bonn, inv.no. C 197; Hinz 1971, 164,
Abb. 35.11
RLM Bonn, inv.no. C 109; Hinz 1971, 164,
Abb. 35.12
Mus. Xanten inv.no. 90/16, 31974; Feugere
& Abauzit 1995, 53 no. 11
Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1428)
circular
base
3
c
circular
base
4?
c
c
c
circular
lid
108.2
Tongeren?
Xanten-colonia
Xanten-colonia
108.3
Xanten-colonia
c
circular
108.4
Xanten-co/onia
c
circular (eagle)
109.1
109.2
109.3
Cologne
c
c
c
c
c
c
leaf-shaped
circular (sphinx)
109.4
109.5
109.6
109.7
109.8
3
3
circular
circular
circular
leaf-shaped
circular (eagle)
circular
C (c) circular
base
3
3
+
Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1429), Taf. 24.23
Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1430)
lid
lid?
+
+
3
C (c) circular
Trier
Trier
c
c
circular (lion?)
110.2
rectangular
+
4
110.3
Trier
c
circular
+
4
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
circular
+
rhombic
square
circular
+
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
+
leaf-shaped
+
lid
lid
c
c
leaf-shaped (h)
+
lid
circular
+
110.1
43
44
45
46
Cologne
Cologne
Cologne-Luxemburger Straile
(Grab?)
Cologne-Luxemburger Straile
(Grab 180)
110.4
Trier
110.5
110.6
110.7
110.8
110.9
111.1
Trier
Trier
Trier
Trier
Trier?
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
111.2
111.3
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
Kielenstraat.
Kielenstraat.
Cottalaan.
Koninksemsesteenweg.
excav. lAP, find no. T092/020/068
circular (rivet)
circular
Cologne
Cologne
Cologne
Fellmann 1981, 13
Hatt 1953, 237, fig. 9.36
13rouquier-Redde 1995, 349, fig. 127.127
13rouquier-Redde 1995, 349f., fig. 127.128
13rouquier-Redde 1995, 350, fig. 127.129
3
+
4
+
+
3
Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1431), Taf. 24.21
Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1432)
La Baume 1964, pl. 16 (left)
RGM Cologne inv.no. N 4584; La Baume
1964, pl. 16 (right)
RGM Cologne, inv.no. L 747; Hagen 1906,
387, Taf. 21.10.f; Gollub 1960/61, 58, Abb.
3.13
Westd. Z 2 (1883) 222, Taf. 12.5
Hettner 1903, 91; Schindler 1977, Abb. 163
top left
Hettner 1903, 91; Schindler 1977, Abb. 163
bottom left
Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 top middle
Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 top right
Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 bottom middle
Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 bottom right
Gilles 1994, 19, Abb. 8-9
Faust 1995, 383, Kat.Nr. A 132
Fischer 1973, 104, Abb. 25.3;
Kohlert-Nemeth 1990, 92-93
Fischer 1973, 107, Abb. 26.7
3
Fischer 1973, 107, Abb. 26.6
Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland
3
133
Kohlert-Nemeth 1990, 92-93
111.4
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
111.5
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
C
C
circular
leaf-shaped (h)
111.6
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
C
semi-oval
3
Obmann 1997, 139, Taf. 49.1950
111.7
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
C
semi-oval
3
Obmann 1997, 139, Taf. 49.1951
111.8
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
C
circular (rl)
4
Fasold 1998, 305
111.9
Frankfurt-Heddernheim
C
circular
4
Fasold 1998, 305
112
Ladenburg?
113.1
Augst
113.2
Augst
113.3
Augst
113.4
Augst
114
Amiens
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
+
Kohlert-Nemeth 1990, 92-93
lid
3
Rabold/Sommer 1998,7, Abb. 3
circular (eagle)
4
Kaufmann-Heinimann 1994, 138, Taf. 87.240
circular (hare)
3
Kaufmann-H. 1994, 138-39, Taf. 87.241
leaf-shaped
+
circular (hare)
lid
Kaufmann-H. 1994, 139, Taf. 87.242
circular (toad)
lid
Kaufmann-H. 1994, 139, Taf. 87.243
leaf-shaped (h)
Ashmolean
+
Mus.
Oxford,
cf. Woodward/Leach 1993, 209
115
Evreux
* 116.1
Heerlen
D
* 116.2
* 116.3
Heerlen
Heerlen
* 116.4
C (c) rhombic (pd)
lid
Fauduet 1992, nr. 1014
lid
Thermenmuseum Heerlen, inv.no. 559
leaf-shaped
+
D
leaf-shaped
+
D
circular
base
3
Thermenmuseum Heerlen, inv.no. 9879
Heerlen
D
circular
base
3
Thermenmuseum Heerlen, inv.no. 11183
117
Grobbendonk
Tienen
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped (h)
lid
118.1
D
D
118.2
Tienen
D
circular
119
Velzeke?
D
leaf-shaped (ph)
120.1
Liberchies
D
circular
120.2
Liberchies
D
square
120.3
Liberchies
D
square
120.4
121.1
Liberchies
Saint-Mard
D
square
D
leaf-shaped
base
3
Mertens & Cahen-Delhaye 1970, nr. 29
121.2
Saint-Mard
D
circular
4
122.1
122.2
Pltres
Pltres
D
base
lid
Massart & Cahen-Delhaye 1994, 26, 50, fig. 44.20
CAG 27 (1993) 225
D
circular
base
3
Fauduet 1992, nr. 1009
123
Bliesbruck
D
circular
3
Petit 2000, 275, pl. 38.34
124.1
Cocheren-'Le Herapel'
D
square
124.2
Cocheren-'Le Herapel'
(tombe40)
125.1
Dieulouard
D
leaf-shaped
+
125.2
Dieulouard
D
leaf-shaped
126.1
Liffol-le-Grand
126.2
Liffol-le-Grand
D
D
?
?
127.1
Grand
D
leaf-shaped
+ lid
lid
lid
base
127.2
Grand
D
128.1
Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain
D
128.2
Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain
128.3
Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain
128.4
Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain
+
Thermenmuseum Heerlen, inv.no. 2897
lid
excav. NDO, info. G. de Boe
DeClerck 1983, 284, nr. 282
lid
?
+
excav. IAP, pers. comm. M. Martens
Van Durme 1996, 58, fig. 6
Brulet & Demanet 1993, 150, fig. 72.77
lid
3
3
D (c) circular
Brulet & Demanet 1997, 129, fig. 89.65
Brulet & Demanet 1997, 129, fig. 89.66
lid
+
Brulet & Demanet 1993, 150, fig. 72.78
4
Delestre 1986,305 f., fig. 2.1
4
Gallia informations 1989-2, 106 f., fig. 29
3
Delestre 1986, 306, fig. 2.21
Delestre 1986,306, fig. 2.22
Delestre 1986, 308
Delestre 1986, 308
3
Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.31
square
3
Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.61
D
square
3
Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.62
D
circular
Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.63
D
leaf-shaped
Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.64
Delestre 1986, 308
+
129
Orleans
D
leaf-shaped
130
Dronrijp
E
leaf-shaped (h)
131
Castricum-'Oosterbuurt'
E
leaf-shaped
132
Katwijk-'Zanderij'
E
circular
133
Den Haag-Scheveningseweg
E?
leaf-shaped fragm
base
Waasdorp 1999, 162., fig. 12.9
134.1
Den Haag-'Ockenburgh'
E?
circular
+
lid
Holwerda 1938, 50, no. 16;
Waasdorp & Zee 1988, 39, fig. 6.6
134.2
Den Haag-'Ockenburgh'
circular
leaf-shaped
lid
Ouddorp
E?
E?
+
135
Waasdorp & Zee 1988, 39
RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.1194;
Holwerda 1908, 203, no. 1194
136
Arcen-'Steening'
E
square
(v)?
3
LM Venlo, inv.no. G74-0916-3
* 137.1
Venlo-'Boekend'
E (v) square
3
LM Venlo, inv.no. L4030
+
+ lid
3
MAN St-Germain-en-Laye, inv.no. 29756
FM Leeuwarden, inv. no. 2001-XI-1
3
coli. P. E. Schaap, Noordwijk
Erdrich 1999, 109, fig. 62e
Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland
134
* 137.2
* 138
* 139
140
141
142
143
144
Venlo-'Boekend'
Voerendaal-'Ten Hove'
E
leaf-shaped (ph)
E (v) circular (rl)
+
Vijlen-Oude Trichterweg
Bertrange-'Bourmicht'
E (v) rhombic
+
Andernach (Grab 19)
Karlich (Grab 162b)
E (c) circular?
Bassenheim (Grab 1)
Marpingen
Achstetten (BW)
145
146
147
148
149
Neftenbach
Neu-Allschwil (Grab 67)
Saint-Martin-en-Campagne
Boulogne-sur-Mer-'Val Saint
Martinet Vieil-Atre'
lid
4
3
LM Venlo, inv.no. G16-1148-1
excav. ROB, find no. 068/02/082
Felder 1968, 22, Taf. 4.1; ARCHIS 19671
?
excav. MNHA, pers. comm. J. Krier
Koenen 1888, 168; Bockius 1992, Karte 3
E (c) circular
4
E (c) square
E (c) circular (eagle)
E (v) leaf-shaped (ph)
3
RLM Bonn, inv.no. 40.415
Bockius 1992, 250, Taf. 36.2
E (v) ?
base
3
3
+
E (v) circular
base
E (c)
150
151
152.1
Corbeil
Beaurieux
Barby-'Les Auges'
E?
circular
152.2
153
154
Barby-'Les Auges'
Acy-Romance
St-Loup de Buffigny
E (v) rhombic
155.1
155.2
155.3
156
Cutry (tombe 615)
Cutry (tombe 623)
Cutry (tombe?)
Sarreinsming
157
Velsen-'Velserbroek'
158
159
Blicquy
Dalheim-'Petzel'
160.1
Digeon
F
circular
160.2
160.3
160.4
Digeon
Digeon
Digeon
F
F
F
circular
circular
circular
160.5
160.6
160.7
161
162
Digeon
Digeon
Digeon
Saint-Maur
Ecly-'La Callouire'
F
F
F
F
F
circular
circular
square (lid?)
circular
semi-oval
163
164
Nanteuil-sur-Aisne
Roizy-'Les Cinq Horles'
F
F
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
165.1
Cracouville
165.2
165.3
165.4
165.5
166.1
166.2
166.3
166.4
Cracouville
Cracouville
Cracouville
Cracouville
Le Vieil Evreux
Le Vieil Evreux
Le Vieil Evreux
Le Vieil Evreux
F
F
circular
circular
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
circular
semi-oval
circular
circular
leaf-shaped
leaf-shaped
rhombic
3
3
E (c) circular
E? circular (dog?)
MAN Paris, inv.no. 26061
+
3
pers. comm. C. Haselgrove
private coil.; pers. comm. B. Lambot
?
lid
base
lid
3
3
3
private coli.; pers. comm. B. Lambot
pers. comm. B. Lambot
Le Clert 1898, 159, pl. 43.524;
Feugere & Abauzit 2000, fig. 9
Lieger 1997, 47, pl. 70.2
Lieger 1997, 48, pl. 70.3
Lieger 1997, pl. 111-12 (find no. H.10.1)
3
Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.5
base
4
Bosman 1992,8, fig. 11
4
pers. comm. L. Demarez
pers. comm. J. Krier
pers. comm. Ch. Delplace
4
4
pers. comm. Ch. Delplace
pers. comm. Ch. Delplace
4
3
pers.
pers.
pers.
pers.
base
base
3
3
3
Liebbe 1898, 95
private coli.; pers. comm. B. Lambot
Lambot 1983, 44, fig. 20.249
lid
base
4
private coil.; pers. comm. B. Lambot
Fauduet1992,nr. 1004
3
Fauduet1992,nr. 1005
4
3
Fauduet 1992, nr. 1006
Fauduet1992,nr. 1007
4?
Fauduet 1992, nr.
Fauduet 1992, nr.
Fauduet 1992, nr.
Fauduet 1992, nr.
Fauduet 1992, nr.
+
?
circular (cock)
E (c) leaf-shaped
E (c)
E (c) leaf-shaped
+
E (v) leaf-shaped?47
F
F
circular
c.10 specimens
Schmassmann & Ettlinger 1944, 38
Cachet 1857, 65; CAG 76, 508, fig. 501
Belot 1990, 118, fig. 7 /22A
E (v) circular (cock)
E (v) leaf-shaped (pd)
E
E
Kolling 1974, Abb. 1
Klein 1990, 175, Abb. 114
Rychener1999, 137,no.2366, Taf. 79
F
base
base
base
lid
lid?
base
base
base
lid
+ lid
+ lid
lid
comm.
comm.
comm.
comm.
Ch.
Ch.
Ch.
Ch.
Delplace
Delplace
Delplace
Delplace
1008
1011
1012
1013
1015
ADDENDA: a square base with 3 holes from the military camp at Neuss, RLM inv. no. 8503 (see BAR S862, 64 and pl. 21.14); a
similar complete specimen from Xanten colonia (E. Goddard, Ph.D. diss. Munich 1990, 67 and pl. 9.Bl32); the base of a semioval (!) seal-box, a lid of a lozenge-shaped specimen and a complete leaf-shaped box from an excavation at Paris, Rue Curie
(Gallia 57 [2000] 208 f. with figs. 17.1-3); 1 fragment and 2 complete specimens of unknown shape from Langres (CAG 52/2,
117 and 121); a complete heart-shaped example from Chalon-sur-Sa6ne, 'citadelle' (CAG 71, 157); a complete square seal-box
with enamelling from a rural settlement at Aizanville, 'Val Sainte-Catherine' (CAG 52/1, 96); and one of unknown shape from
the sanctuaries at Eu, 'Bois !'Abbe' (CAG 76, 247) and Arras (CAG 62, 139). The site at Boulogne, 'Val Saint-Martinet VieilAtre' (cat. 149), here mapped and quantified as a rural settlement, is in fact a military cemetery.
47
It has exceptional decorative pattern in the shape of a human face on the lid.